Journal of Chinese Political Science

, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp 83–104 | Cite as

The Endgame or Resilience of the Chinese Communist Party’s Rule in China: A Gramscian Approach

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Abstract

This paper intends to provide a framework for conceptualizing and interpreting the resilient capacity and adaptability of the Chinese Communist Party to cope with changing political and economic environments and to sustain its hegemony through periods of crises and transformations. Based on an instrumental reading and reflective incorporation of some relevant concepts and discourses of Gramsci’s political theory, the paper aims to facilitate a well-rounded analysis of the CCP’s authoritarian resilience, which is achieved through a continuous process of “passive revolution”. The party’s new hegemony is realized through a reconstituted historical bloc on the basis of convergence of interests and through neutralizing the pressures of various contending forces that might otherwise trigger profound structural transformations. The paper concludes that “authoritarian resilience is one of the strongest enduring features of the CCP’s political culture, characterized by dynamic adaptive skills and greater institutional capacity for political survival.

Keywords

Hegemony Passive Revolution Resilience Adaptability Gramsci 

References

  1. 1.
    Bell, Daniel A. 2015. The China model: Political meritocracy and the limits of democracy. Princeton: Princeton, University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Blecher, Marc J. 1989. China’s struggle for a new hegemony. Socialist Review 19 (2): 5–35.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Bo, Zhiyue. 2015. The end of CCP rule and the collapse of China. The Diplomat, March 30. Available at http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/the-end-of-ccp-rule-and-the-collapse-of-china/.
  4. 4.
    Bottomore, Tom, et al., eds. 1983. A dictionary of Marxist thought. England: Basil Blackwell Publisher limited.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Chang, Gordon G. 2001. The coming collapse of China. New York: Random House Inc..Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Chen, Feng. 1999. An unfinished battle in China: The leftist criticism of the reform and the third thought emancipation. The China Quarterly 158: 447–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Dickson, Bruce J. 2001. Cooptation and corporatism in China: The logic of party adaptation. Political Science Quarterly 115 (4): 517–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Friedman, Thomas L. 2009. Our one-party democracy. New York Times September 8. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/opinion/09friedman.html?_r=0.
  9. 9.
    Fukuyama, Francis. 2014. Political order and political decay: From the industrial revolution to the globalization of democracy. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. In London: Lawrence &Wishart, ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. New York: Interntional Publisher.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Guo, Baogang. 2003. Political legitimacy and China’s transition. Journal of Chinese Political Science 8 (1): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Habermas, Jürgen. 1975. Legitimation Crisis Paperback. New York: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Han, Sunsheng, and Clifton W. Pannell. 1999. The geography of privatization in China, 1978-1996. Economic Geography 75 (3): 272–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    He, Baogang. 2014a. From village election to village deliberation in rural China: Case study of a deliberative democracy experiment. Journal of Chinese Political Science 19 (2): 133–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    He, Baogang. 2014b. Deliberative culture and politics: The persistence of authoritarian deliberation in China. Political Theory 42 (1): 58–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    He, Baogang, and Mark E. Warren. 2011. Authoritarian deliberation: The deliberative turn in Chinese political development. Perspectives on Politics 9 (2): 269–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1982. A new Science of politics. In Showstack, ed. Sassoon Anne . London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society Ltd.Approaches to Gramsci Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Hung, Ho-Fung, et al. 2015. When will China's government collapse? Foreign Policy, March 13. Available at http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/13/china_communist_party_collapse_downfall/.
  19. 19.
    Im, Hyug Baeg. 1991. Hegemony and counter-hegemony in Gramsci. Asian Perspective 15 (1): 123–156.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Jacques, Martin. 2012. When China rules the world: The end of the western world and the birth of a new global order. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Kamo, Tomoki, and Hiroki Takeuchi. 2013. Representation and local People’s congresses in China: A case study of the Yangzhou municipal People’s congress. Journal of Chinese Political Science 18 (1): 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Kurlantzick, Joshua. 2013. Why the ‘China model’ isn’t going away. The Atlantic, March 21. Available at http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/03/why-the-china-model-isnt-going-away/274237/.
  23. 23.
    Leib, Ethan J., and Baogang He. 2006. The search for deliberative democracy in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Li, Xing. 2004. From ‘politics in command’ to ‘economics in command’: A discourse analysis of China’s transformation. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18: 65–87.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Li, Xing. 2015. Interpreting and understanding ‘the Chinese dream’ in a holistic nexus. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (4): 505–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Li, Xing. 2016. Understanding China’s economic success: “embeddedness” with Chinese characteristics. Asian Culture and History 8 (2): 18–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Li, Xing and Timothy M. Shaw. 2013. The Political Economy of Chinese State Capitalism. Journal of China and International Relations 1(1): 88-113.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Liu, Xin. 2011. Gramsci's presence in China. Carte Italiane 2 (7): 69–80.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Mao Zedong. 1956. “ON The Ten Major Relationships.” In Selected Works of Mao Zedong. Available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-5/mswv5_51.htm.
  30. 30.
    Martin, James. 1997. Hegemony and the crisis of legitimacy in Gramsci. History of the Human Sciences 10 (1): 37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Mouffe, Chantal. 1979. Hegemony and ideology in Gramsci. In Gramsci and Marxist theory, ed. Chantal Mouffe, 168–204. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. Authoritarian resilience. Journal of Democracy 14 (1): 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Peter Navarro. 2016. China will probably implode. The National Interest May 7. Available at http://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-will-probably-implode-16088.
  34. 34.
    Pei, Minxin. 2015. “The Twilight of Communist Party Rule in China”, 11(4). Available at http://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/11/12/the-twilight-of-communist-party-rule-in-china/.
  35. 35.
    Ramo, Joshua C. (2004) The Beijing Consensus. London: the Foreign Policy Centre.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Sassoon, Anne S. (1982). Passive Revolution and the Politics of Reform. In Sassoon, A. S. (Ed.), Approaches to Gramsci, (127-148). London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society Ltd.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Sassoon, Anne Showstack. 1987. Gramsci’s politics. London: An Imprint of Century Hutchinson Ltd..Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Sausmikat, Nora. 2006. More legitimacy for one-party rule? The CCP's ideological adjustments and intra-party reforms. ASIEN 99: 70–91.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Scruton, Roger. 1996. A dictionary of political thought. London: The Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Shambaugh, David. 2009. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and adaptation. California: University of California Press.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Shambaugh, David. 2015. The coming Chinese crackup. Wall Street Journal. Available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coming-chinese-crack-up-1425659198.
  42. 42.
    Simon, Roger. 1982. Gramsci’s Political Thought. London: Lawrence and Wishart.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Taylor Jon and Calvillo Carolina 2010. Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones: Grassroots Democracy with Chinese Characteristics. Journal of Chinese Political Science 15(2): 135-151.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    The Economist. 2013. World GDP. September 21. Available at http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21586611-world-gdp.
  45. 45.
    The Economist. 2015. World GDP. March 21. Available at http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21646778-world-gdp.
  46. 46.
    Tsai, Wen-Hsuan. 2016. Enabling China’s voice to be heard by the world: Ideas and operations of the Chinese Communist Party’s external propaganda system. Problems of Post-Communism 1-11. Online publicationGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Wank, David L. 1999. Commodifying Communism - business, trust and politics in a Chinese City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Zheng, Yongnian. 2010. The Chinese Communist Party as organizational emperor: Culture, reproduction, and transformation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Journal of Chinese Political Science/Association of Chinese Political Studies 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Culture and Global StudiesAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark

Personalised recommendations