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Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment

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Abstract

Production and use of most organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was banned through the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. However, appreciable amounts are still detected in the environment due to their persistence, illegal use, and releases from contaminated soils and obsolete stocks. The present study investigated the levels of OCP residues in Nairobi River. Sediment and water samples were collected from three sites along the river and screened for 17 OCPs using gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Mean pesticide residues ranged from 0.01 to 41.9 μg kg−1 in sediment and below detection limit to 39.7 ng L−1 in water. In sediment α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, and p,p′-DDD were detected in all samples, while α-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, and endrin were detected in all water samples. Levels of OCPs in water were below the WHO maximum allowable limits for surface water. However, values higher than the sediment quality guidelines for sediment samples in Racecourse Road Bridge and Outering Road Bridge were reported, thus confirming the toxicity to aquatic organisms. Consequently, as these compounds are known to bio-accumulate in fatty tissues, continued use of the river water poses a health risk to animals and humans.

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Acknowledgements

E.N Ndunda acknowledges the University of Nairobi for funding her studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

    Elizabeth N. Ndunda, Vincent O. Madadi & Shem O. Wandiga

  2. Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, P.O. Box 136-90100, Machakos, Kenya

    Elizabeth N. Ndunda

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  1. Elizabeth N. Ndunda
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  2. Vincent O. Madadi
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  3. Shem O. Wandiga
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Correspondence to Elizabeth N. Ndunda.

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Responsible editor: Ester Heath

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Ndunda, E.N., Madadi, V.O. & Wandiga, S.O. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 34510–34518 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3398-8

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