Environmental Science and Pollution Research

, Volume 24, Issue 6, pp 5189–5206 | Cite as

In situ remediation of contaminated marinesediment: an overview

  • G. Lofrano
  • G. Libralato
  • D. Minetto
  • S. De Gisi
  • F. Todaro
  • B. Conte
  • D. Calabrò
  • L. Quatraro
  • M. Notarnicola
Review Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Sediment tends to accumulate inorganic and persistent hydrophobic organic contaminants representing one of the main sinks and sources of pollution. Generally, contaminated sediment poses medium- and long-term risks to humans and ecosystem health; dredging activities or natural resuspension phenomena (i.e., strongly adverse weather conditions) can remobilize pollution releasing it into the water column. Thus, ex situ traditional remediation activities (i.e., dredging) can be hazardous compared to in situ techniques that try to keep to a minimum sediment mobilization, unless dredging is compulsory to reach a desired bathymetric level. We reviewed in situ physico-chemical (i.e., active mixing and thin capping, solidification/stabilization, chemical oxidation, dechlorination, electrokinetic separation, and sediment flushing) and bio-assisted treatments, including hybrid solutions (i.e., nanocomposite reactive capping, bioreactive capping, microbial electrochemical technologies). We found that significant gaps still remain into the knowledge about the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation techniques from the technical and the practical viewpoint. Only activated carbon-based technologies are well developed and currently applied with several available case studies. The environmental implication of in situ remediation technologies was only shortly investigated on a long-term basis after its application, so it is not clear how they can really perform.

Keywords

Marine environment Sediment In situ technologies Remediation Toxicity Activated carbon 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out in the framework of the Cooperation Agreement between the Special Commissioner of the Italian Government for urgent measures of remediation and environmental requalification of Taranto area (South Italy) and the Technical University of Bari.

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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh)Technical University of BariBariItaly
  2. 2.Department of Chemistry and BiologyUniversity of SalernoFisciano, SalernoItaly
  3. 3.Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. AngeloNaplesItaly

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