Environmental Science and Pollution Research

, Volume 23, Issue 24, pp 24970–24982 | Cite as

Stability assessment of hydro dispersive nanometric permethrin and its biosafety study towards the beneficial bacterial isolate from paddy rhizome

  • Prabhakar Mishra
  • A.P.B. Balaji
  • Swathy J.S.
  • Aruna L. Paari
  • Merlyn Kezhiah
  • B.K. Tyagi
  • Amitava Mukherjee
  • Natarajan Chandrasekaran
Research Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Nanopesticides such as nanopermethrin can serve as an alternative to conventional pesticides causing eco-toxicity. The nanoformulation of this pyrethroid pesticide was carried out by solvent evaporation of pesticide-loaded microemulsion. The Z average for the nanopermethrin dispersion in paddy field water was found to be 169.2 ± 0.75 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.371 that exhibits uniform dispersion. Further, the nanopermethrin (NP) dispersion exhibited an effective stability in the paddy field water for a duration of 48 h with a Z average of 177.3 ± 1.2 nm and a zeta potential of −30.7 ± 0.9 mV. The LC50 of the nanopermethrin against Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the field condition was found to be 0.051 μg/mL. In addition to the stability assessment, the biosafety of the nanopermethrin was commenced on the beneficial bacterial isolate Enterobacter ludwigii (VITSPR1) considered as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The toxic effect of nanopesticide was compared to its bulk counterpart, i.e. bulk permethrin (BP) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, and the nanopesticide was found to be potentially safe. The results of biomarker enzymatic assays (lipid peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lactate dehydrogenase) displayed insignificant (p < 0.05) toxicity of NP towards the bacterial cells compared to BP. The live–dead cell staining and SEM analysis illustrated negligible toxicity of NP towards the bacteria. The non-toxic behaviour of the NP towards the non-target species was studied which displayed the eco-safe property of NP.

Keywords

Biosafety Colloidal stability Enterobacter ludwigii Nanopermethrin Paddy field 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

We deeply acknowledge the Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India for providing the laboratory facilities. We extremely acknowledge ICMR BMS (35/10/2012-BMS) for providing the financial aid. We acknowledge Dr. Shlomo Magdassi and Dr. Katherine Margulis (Casali Center, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel) for their immense contribution in nanopesticide preparation. We acknowledge Dr. K. Gopalarathinam, Senior Entomologist, ZET, Vellore for his immense help in the identification of the mosquito species.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Supplementary material

11356_2016_7731_MOESM1_ESM.doc (50 kb)
ESM 1 (DOC 49 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Prabhakar Mishra
    • 1
  • A.P.B. Balaji
    • 1
  • Swathy J.S.
    • 1
  • Aruna L. Paari
    • 1
  • Merlyn Kezhiah
    • 1
  • B.K. Tyagi
    • 2
  • Amitava Mukherjee
    • 1
  • Natarajan Chandrasekaran
    • 1
  1. 1.Centre for NanobiotechnologyVIT UniversityVelloreIndia
  2. 2.Department of Environmental BiotechnologySchool of Environmental SciencesTiruchirappalliIndia

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