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Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments

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Abstract

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Source based geographical routing has been proven to perform well in unstable vehicular networks. However, these routing protocols leverage beacon messages to update the positional information of all direct neighbour nodes. As a result, high channel congestion or problems with outdated neighbour lists may occur. To this end, we propose a street-aware, Intelligent Beaconless (IB) geographical forwarding protocol based on modified 802.11 Request To Send (RTS)/ Clear To Send frames, for urban vehicular networks. That is, at the intersection, each candidate junction node leverage digital road maps as well as distance to destination, power signal strength of the RTS frame and direction routing metrics to determine if it should elect itself as a next relay node. For packet forwarding between Intersections, on the other hand, the candidate node considers the relative direction to the packet carrier node and power signal strength of the RTS frame as routing metrics to elect itself based on intelligently combined metrics. After designing the IB protocol, we implemented it and compared it with standard protocols. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can improve average delay and successful packet delivery ratio in realistic wireless channel conditions and urban vehicular scenarios.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments in improving the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Koya, Daniel Miterrand Boulevard, Koya, KOY45, Kurdistan Region-IRAQ

    Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor

  2. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor D. T, Malaysia

    Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar

  3. Departamento de Comunicaciones, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain

    Jaime Lloret

  4. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Rashid Hafeez Khokhar

  5. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Kevin C. Lee

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  1. Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor
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  2. Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar
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  3. Jaime Lloret
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  4. Rashid Hafeez Khokhar
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  5. Kevin C. Lee
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Correspondence to Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor.

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Ghafoor, K.Z., Abu Bakar, K., Lloret, J. et al. Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments. Wireless Netw 19, 345–362 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-012-0470-z

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