Naproxen-Enriched Artificial Sediment Induces Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Hyalella azteca

  • García-Medina Alba Lucero
  • Galar-Martínez Marcela
  • García-Medina Sandra
  • Gómez-Oliván Leobardo Manuel
  • Razo-Estrada Celene
Article
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Abstract

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory naproxen sodium is among the most commonly used pharmaceuticals in Mexico. Nevertheless, there is no adequate regulation to control its sale, use, and disposal. This agent can enter water bodies by diverse pathways, attaining significant concentrations, especially in sediments since they are the final reservoir of many organic contaminants, and may induce damage on hydrobionts. Naproxen sodium is water-soluble, shows stability in aquatic ecosystems, and can form reactive products when oxidized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress and consequent damage to genetic material induced by naproxen sodium in sediments on Hyalella azteca. After 48 h of exposure to artificial sediments enriched with 76.6 and 339.2 mg kg−1 (equivalent to 1/10 of the LC50 and the NOAEL obtained in an earlier 48-h acute toxicity assay), the following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation level, protein carbonyl content, activity of the antioxidant enzymes, and DNA damage. Results show that naproxen sodium induces oxidative stress (increased lipid and protein oxidation, as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity) and genotoxicity (increased oxidative damage of DNA) at sublethal concentrations on H. azteca, being the damage, concentration dependent.

Keywords

Naproxen Hyalella azteca Lipid peroxidation Oxidized proteins Antioxidant enzymes DNA damage 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible through support provided by the Research and Postgraduate Division of the National Polytechnic Institute (Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; SIP-IPN, Project 20080526), Mexico.

Conflict of Interests

The authors state that the results contained in this document do not present any conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution at which the studies were conducted.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • García-Medina Alba Lucero
    • 1
  • Galar-Martínez Marcela
    • 1
  • García-Medina Sandra
    • 2
  • Gómez-Oliván Leobardo Manuel
    • 3
  • Razo-Estrada Celene
    • 1
  1. 1.Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic InstituteUnidad Profesional Adolfo López MateosMéxicoMéxico
  2. 2.Unidad Analítica de la Unidad de Farmacología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina-UNAMNezahualcóyotlEdo de México
  3. 3.Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Química, Departamento de FarmaciaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MéxicoTolucaMéxico

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