Certain Phase I and II Enzymes as Toxicity Biomarker: An Overview

  • Iftekhar Hassan
  • Nasimudeen R. Jabir
  • Saheem Ahmad
  • Aaliya Shah
  • Shams Tabrez
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Tremendous surge in the industrialization and infrastructure development worldwide have led to a significant rise in environmental pollutants in the last 2–3 decades. Pollutants in the natural environment consist of highly diversified and complex mixtures. A single biomarker cannot be used to assess a complete identification of environmental pollutants. In this context, it is highly recommended by environmental scientists to evaluate a set of complementary biomarkers for the complete assessment of toxic burden of complex environmental pollutants in the exposed organisms. Moreover, a multiple biomarker approach for the stress assessment is believed to have high sensitivity and could be done in comparatively lesser measuring time. The present article focuses on the viability of usage of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes viz. phase I and II as the toxicity biomarkers. As far as our knowledge goes, we are for the first time reporting phase I and phase II enzymes together as potential toxicity biomarkers in a single article.

Keywords

Environmental pollution Biomarkers Enzymes Antioxidant enzymes CYP450 

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the NSTIP strategic technologies program in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Project No. (11-BIO-2020-03). The authors also acknowledge with thanks Science and Technology Unit, King Abdulaziz University for technical support.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Iftekhar Hassan
    • 1
  • Nasimudeen R. Jabir
    • 2
  • Saheem Ahmad
    • 3
  • Aaliya Shah
    • 4
  • Shams Tabrez
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Zoology, College of SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
  2. 2.King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
  3. 3.Department of Bio-SciencesIntegral UniversityLucknowIndia
  4. 4.Department of Clinical BiochemistrySheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS)SrinagarIndia

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