Abstract
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Overexploitation and unabated pollution of this vital resource is threatening our ecosystems and even the life of future generations. With the advent of powerful personal computers and the advances in space technology, efficient techniques for land and water management have evolved of which RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system) are of great significance. These techniques have fundamentally changed our thoughts and ways to manage natural resources in general and water resources in particular. The main intent of the present paper is to highlight RS and GIS technologies and to present a comprehensive review on their applications to groundwater hydrology. A detailed survey of literature revealed six major areas of RS and GIS applications in groundwater hydrology: (i) exploration and assessment of groundwater resources, (ii) selection of artificial recharge sites, (iii) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, (iv) groundwater-pollution hazard assessment and protection planning, (v) estimation of natural recharge distribution, and (vi) hydrogeologic data analysis and process monitoring. Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since early nineties, the success rate is very limited and most applications are still in their infancy. Based on this review, salient areas in need of further research and development are discussed, together with the constraints for RS and GIS applications in developing nations. More and more RS- and GIS-based groundwater studies are recommended to be carried out in conjunction with field investigations to effectively exploit the expanding potential of RS and GIS technologies, which will perfect and standardize current applications as well as evolve new approaches and applications. It is concluded that both the RS and GIS technologies have great potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of vital groundwater resources in the future, though some challenges are daunting before hydrogeologists/hydrologists.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aber JD, Martin ME (1995) High spectral resolution remote sensing of canopy chemistry. In: Green RO (ed), Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, AVIRIS Workshop, 23–26 January 1995, Pasadena, California, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Vol. 1, pp 1–4
Adams TM, Tang AYS, Wiegand N (1993) Spatial data models for managing subsurface data. Journal of Computation in Civil Engineering, ASCE 7(3):260–277
Almasri MN, Kaluarachchi JJ (2004) Implications of on-ground nitrogen loading and soil transformations on ground water quality management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40(1):165–186
Aronoff S (1989) Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. WDL Publications, Ottawa
Baker CP, Panciera EC (1990) A geographic information system for groundwater protection planning. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 45:246–248
Baker CP, Bradley MD, Bobiak SMK (1993) Well head protection area delineation: linking flow model with GIS. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE 119(2):275–287
Barber C, Otto CJ, Bates LE, Taylor KJ (1996) Evaluation of the relationship between land-use changes and groundwater quality in a water-supply catchment using GIS technology: the GWELUP Well field, Western Australia. Hydrogeology Journal 4(1):6–9
Basagaoglu H, Celenk E, Marino MA, Usul N (1997) Selection of waste disposal sites using GIS. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(2):455–464
Batelaan O, Smedt FD (2001) WetSpass: a flexible, GIS based, distributed recharge methodology for regional groundwater modeling. Proceedings of a symposium held during the Sixth IAHS Scientific Assembly at Maastricht, The Netherlands, July 2001, IAHS Publication 269, pp. 11–17
Beven KJ (2001) Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: The Primer. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester pp. 297–306.
Bobba AG, Bukata RP, Jerome, JH (1992) Digitally processed satellite data as a tool in detecting potential groundwater flow systems. Journal of Hydrology 131(1-4):25–62
Boutt DF, Hyndman DW, Pijanowski BC, Long DT (2001) Identifying potential land use-derived solute sources to stream baseflow using groundwater models and GIS. Ground Water 39(1):24–34
Brunner P, Bauer P, Eugster M, Kinzelbach W (2004) Using remote sensing to regionalize local precipitation recharge rates obtained from the Chloride Method. Journal of Hydrology 294:241–250
Burrough PA (1986) Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford 193 pp
Camp CV, Brown MC (1993) GIS procedure for developing three-dimensional subsurface profile. Journal of Computation in Civil Engineering, ASCE 7(3):296–309
Campbell JB (1996) Introduction to Remote Sensing. Taylor and Francis, London pp. 1–21
Carroll TR (1981) Airborne soil moisture measurements using natural terrestrial gamma radiation. Soil Science 132:358–366
Cherkauer DS (2004) Quantifying ground water recharge at multiple scales using PRMS and GIS. Ground Water 42(1):97–110
Chowdary VM, Rao NH, Sarma PBS (2003) GIS-based decision support system for groundwater assessment in large irrigation project areas. Agricultural Water Management 62:229–252
Chowdhury A, Jha MK, Machiwal D (2003) Application of remote sensing and GIS in groundwater studies: an overview. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water & Environment (WE-2003). Ground Water Pollution, 15–18 December, 2003, M.P., India pp. 39–50
Clarke K (2001) Getting Started with Geographic Information Systems. 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, NJ
Clarke R (1991) Water: The International Crisis. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, 193 pp
Corwin DL, Loague K, Ellsworth TR (1998) GIS-based modeling of nonpoint source pollutants in the vadose zone. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53(1):34–38
Corwin DL, Vaughan PJ, Loague K (1997) Modeling nonpoint source pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS. Environmental Science and Technology 31(8):2157–2175
Davis FW, Quattrochi DA, Ridd MK, Lam S, Walsh SJ, Michaelson JC, Franklin J, Stow DA, Johannsen CJ, Johnston CA (1991) Environmental analysis using integrated GIS and remotely sensed data: some research need and priorities. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57(6):689–697
De Villiers M (2000) Water: the Fate of Our Most Precious Resource. Mariner Books, Houghton, Mifflin, Boston
Deckers F, Te Stroet CBM (1996) Use of GIS and database with distributed modeling. In: Abbott MB, Refsgaard JC (eds), Distributed Hydrological Modeling, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 215–232
DeMers MN (2000) Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
DeVantier BA, Feldman AD (1993) Review of GIS applications in hydrologic modeling. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE 119(2):246–261
Dixon B (2004) Prediction of ground water vulnerability using an integrated GIS-based Neuro-Fuzzy techniques. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 4(2):1–38
Dubey OP, Sharma DC (2002) Integrated remote sensing and factor analytic GIS model for evaluating groundwater pollution potential. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on July 24, 2003)
Edet AE, Okereke CS, Teme SC, Esu EO (1998) Application of remote sensing data to groundwater exploration: a case study of the cross-river state, Southeastern Nigeria. Hydrogeology Journal, 6:394–404
Elango L, Arrikkat S (1998) Groundwater recharge studies in Ongur subbasin, south India using geographical information system. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydroinformatics, 24–26 August 1998, Copenhagen, Denmark Vol. 1, pp. 505–510
Endres AL, Clement WP, Rudolph DL (2000) Ground penetrating radar imaging of an aquifer during a pumping test. Ground Water, 38(4):566–576
Engman ET, Gurney RJ (1991) Remote Sensing in Hydrology. Chapman and Hall, London, 225 pp
Evans BM, Myers WL (1990) A GIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 45:242–245
Evans TA, Djokic D, Maidment DR (1993) Development and application of expert geographic information system. Journal of Computation in Civil Engineering, ASCE 7(3):339–353
Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J (1997) World Freshwater Problems – Call for a New Realism. UN/SEI, New York/Stockholm, 53 pp
Farnsworth RK, Barret EC, Dhanju MS (1984) Application of Remote Sensing to Hydrology including Ground Water. IHP-II Project A. 1.5, UNESCO, Paris
Faust N, Anderson WH, Star JL (1991) Geographic information systems and remote sensing future computing environment. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57(6):655–668
Fayer MJ, Gee GW, Rockhold ML, Freshley MD, Walters TB (1996) Estimating recharge rates for a groundwater model using a GIS. Journal of Environmental Quality 25:510–518
Flockhart DE, Sham CH, Xiao Y (1993) Maximizing the value of information for ground-water protection: three test cases. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 29 (6):957–964
Foster S (1998) Groundwater: assessing vulnerability and promoting protection of a threatened resource. Proceedings of the 8th Stockholm Water Symposium, 10–13 August, Sweden, pp. 79–90
Gogu RC, Carabin G, Hallet V, Peters V, Dassargues A (2001) GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modeling. Hydrogeology Journal 9:555–569
Goodchild MF (1992) Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6(1):31–45
Goodchild MF (1993) The state of GIS for environmental problem-solving. In: Goodchild MF, Parks BO, Steyaert LT (eds), Environmental Modeling with GIS, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 8–15
Gossel W, Ebraheem AM, Wycisk P (2004) A very large scale GIS-based groundwater flow model for the Nubian sandstone aquifer in Eastern Sahara (Egypt, northern Sudan and eastern Libya) Hydrogeology Journal 12(6):698–713
Goyal S, Bharadwaj RS, Jugran DK (1999) Multicritaria analysis using GIS for ground water resource evaluation in Rawasen and Pilli watersheds, U.P., India. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on Dec. 7, 2002)
Griner AJ (1993) Development of a water-supply protection model in a GIS. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 29(6):965–971
Hadithi MA, Shukla DC, Israil M (2003) Evaluation of groundwater resources potential in Ratmau-Pathri Rao watershed Haridwar district, Uttaranchal, India using geo-electrical, remote sensing and GIS techniques. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment (WE-2003), Bhopal, India, Ground Water Pollution pp. 123–125
Halford KJ (2004) More data required. Ground Water 42(4):477
Hall MD, Shaffer MJ, Waskom RM, Delgado JA (2001) Regional nitrate leaching variability: what makes a difference in northeastern Colorado. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(1):139–150
Halliday SL, Wolfe ML (1991) Assessing groundwater pollution potential from nitrogen fertilizer using a GIS. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 27(2):237–245
Hammen JL, Gerla PJ (1994) A geographic information-systems approach to wellhead protection. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 30(5):833–840
Heilman JL, Moore DG (1981) Groundwater applications of the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission. Satellite Hydrology, AWRA, Minneapolis, MN pp. 446–449
Herzog BL, Larson DR, Abert CC, Wilson SD, Roadcap GS (2003) Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW. Ground Water 41(1):57–65
Hinamann KC (1993) Use of a geographic information system to assemble input-data sets for a finite difference model of groundwater flow. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 29(3):410–416
Hinton JC (1996) GIS and remote sensing integration for environmental applications. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 10(7):877–890
Hudak PF, Loaiciga HA, Schoolmaster FA (1993) Application of geographic information systems to groundwater monitoring network design. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 29(3):383–390
Hudak PF, Speas RK, Schoolmaster FA (1995) Managing underground-storage tanks in urban environments – A geographic information-systems approach. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 31(3):439–445
IWMI (2001) The Strategic Plan for IWMI 2000–2005. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 28 pp
Jackson TJ (2002) Remote sensing of soil moisture: implications for groundwater recharge. Hydrogeology Journal 10:40–51
Jackson TJ, Engman ET, Schmugge TJ (1999) Microwave observations of soil hydrology In: Parlange MB, Hopmans JW (eds), Vadose Zone Hydrology: Cutting Across Disciplines. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, pp. 317–333
Jensen JR (2000) Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Jyrkama MI, Sykes JF, Normani SD (2002) Recharge estimation for transient ground water modeling. Ground Water 40(6):638–648
Kamaraju MVV, Bhattacharya A, Reddy GS, Rao GC, Murthy GS, Rao TCM (1995) Groundwater potential evaluation of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh State, India – A GIS approach. Ground Water 34(2):318–325
Krishnamurthy J, Kumar NV, Jayaraman V, Manivel M (1996) An approach to demarcate groundwater potential zones through remote sensing and a geographic information system. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17(10):1867–1884
Lachassagne P, Wyns R, Bérard P, Bruel T, Chéry L, Coutand T, Desprats J-F, Strat PL (2001) Exploitation of high-yields in hard-rock aquifers: downscaling methodology combining GIS and multicriteria analysis to delineate field prospecting zones. Ground Water 39(4):568–581
Lamble P, Fraser D (2002) Creation of a GIS-based predictive model for groundwater in the Murray Valley Irrigation Region (NSW) Cartography 31(1):234–242
Lane JW, Buursink ML, Haeni FP, Versteeg RJ (2000) Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: results of numerical modeling and physical experiments. Ground Water 38(6):929–938
Lasserre F, Razack M, Banton O (1999) A GIS-linked model for the assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater. Journal of Hydrology 224:81–90
Laurent F, Anker W, Graillot D (1998) Spatial modelling with geographic information systems for determination of water resources vulnerability application to an area in Massif Central (France) Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(1):123–134
Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW (2000) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 724
Lo CP, Yeung AKW (2003) Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi pp. 492
Loague K, Corwin DL (1998) Regional-scale assessment of non-point source groundwater contamination. Hydrological Processes 12(6):957–966
Longley PA, Brooks SM, McDonnell R, Macmillan B (eds) (1998) Geocomputation: A Primer, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp. 290
Marble DF (1998) Urgent need for GIS technical education: rebuilding the top of the pyramid. ARC News, 20(1):01.
Maslia ML, Aral MM, Williams RC, Susten AS, Heitgerd JL (1994) Exposure assessment of populations using environmental modeling. demographic-analysis, and GIS. Water Resources Bulletin. AWRA 30(6):1025–1041
McKinney DC, Maidment DR, Tanriverdi M (1992) Expert geographic information systems for Texas water planning. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management ASCE 119(2):170–183.
Meijerink AMJ (2000) Groundwater. In: Schultz GA, Engman ET (eds), Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management. Springer, Berlin, pp. 305–325
Musa KA, Akhir JM, Abdullah I (2000) Groundwater prediction potential zone in Langat Basin using the integration of remote sensing and GIS. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on July 24, 2003)
Myers VI, Moore DG (1972) Remote sensing for defining aquifers in glacial drift. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 715–728
Narayana LRA (1999) Remote sensing and its applications. Universities Press (India) Ltd., Hyderabad, pp. 215
Nefedov KE, Popova TA (1972) Deciphering of groundwater from aerial photographs. Amerind, New Delhi
Oldenborger GA, Schincariol RA, Mansinha L (2003) Radar determination of the spatial structure of hydraulic conductivity. Ground Water 41(1):24–32.
Paterson NR, Bosschart RA (1987) Airborne geophysical exploration for groundwater. Ground Water 25:41–50.
Pinder GF (2002) Groundwater Modeling Using Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 248
Ramalingam M, Santhakumar AR (2002) Case study on artificial recharge using remote sensing and GIS. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Rampal KK, Rao KVG (1989) Groundwater targeting using digitally enhanced imagery. www.GISdevel-opment.net (accessed on July 24, 2003)
Revzon AL, Burleshin MI, Krapilskaya NM, Sadov AV, Svitneva TV, Semina NS (1983) Study of the desert geological environment with the aid of aerial and space imagery. All-Union Sci. Res. Inst. Hydrol. Eng. Geol., Moscow
Rhind D (1989) Why GIS? ARC News, Vol. 11, No. 3, ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA
Richards CJ, Roaza H, Roaza RM (1993) Integrating geographic information systems and MODFLOW for ground water resource assessments. Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 29(5):847–853
Rifai HS, Hendricks LA, Kilborne K, Bedient PB (1993) A geographic information system (GIS) user interface for delineating wellhead protection areas. Ground Water. 31(3):480–488
Roaza H, Roaza RM, Wagner JR (1993) Integrating geographic information systems in groundwater applications using numerical modeling techniques. Water Resources Bulletin. AWRA 29(6):981–988
Ross MA, Tara PD (1993) Integrated hydrologic modeling with geographic information systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE 119(2):129–141
Salama RB, Ye L, Broun JL (1996) Comparative study of methods of preparing hydraulic-head surfaces and the introduction of automated hydrogeological-GIS techniques. Journal of Hydrology 185(1–4):115–136
Salama RB, Tapley I, Ishii T, Hawkes G (1994) Identification of areas of recharge and discharge using Landsat-TM satellite imagery and aerial photography mapping techniques. Journal of Hydrology 162(1–2):119–141
Sander P, Chesley MM, Minor TB (1996) Groundwater assessment using remote sensing and GIS in a rural groundwater project in Ghana: lessons learned. Hydrogeology Journal 4(3):40–49
Saykawlard S, Das Gupta A, Eiumnoh A, Chen X (2005) Prediction of subsurface water level change from satellite data. Hydrological Processes 19(4):947–954
Schaepman M, Itten KI, Schlapfer D, Kurer D, Varaguth S, Keller J (1995) Extraction of ozone and chlorophyll: a distribution from AVIRIS data. In: Green RO (ed), Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, AVIRIS Workshop, 23-26 January 1995, Pasadena, California, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Vol. 1, pp. 149–152
Schultz GA (1988) Remote sensing in hydrology. Journal of Hydrology 100:239–265
Schultz GA (1993) Application of GIS and remote sensing in hydrology. In: Kovar K, Nachtnebel HP (eds), Application of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, IAHS Pub. No. 211, pp. 127–140
Shahid S, Nath SK (2002) GIS integration of remote sensing and electrical sounding data for hydrogeological exploration. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 2(1):1–10
Shih SF, Jordan JD (1990) Remote-sensing application to well monitoring. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering ASCE 116(4):497–507
Shivraj PV, Jothimani P (2002) GIS based software solution for groundwater studies: GWIS. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Shukla S, Mostaghimi S, Shanholtz VO, Collins MC (1998) A GIS-based modeling approach for evaluating groundwater vulnerability to pesticides. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(6):1275–1293
Sikdar PK, Chakraborty S, Adhya E, Paul PK (2004) Land use/land cover changes and groundwater potential zoning in and around Raniganj coal mining area, Bardhaman District, West Bengal: A GIS and remote sensing approach. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 4(2):1–24
Simonett DS (1983) The development and principles of remote sensing. In: Colwell RN (ed), Manual of Remote Sensing. The American Society of Photogrammetry, VA pp. 1–35
Singh AK, Prakash SR (2002) An integrated approach of remote sensing, geophysics and GIS to evaluation of groundwater potentiality of Ojhala sub-watershed, Mirjapur district, U.P., India. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Singh AK, Raviprakash S, Mishra D, Singh S (2002) Groundwater potential modeling in Chandrapraha Subwatershed, U.P. using remote sensing, geoelectrical, and GIS. www.GISdevelopement.net (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Slama CC (ed) (1980) Manual of Photogrammetry. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA
Smith JT (ed) (1968) Manual of color aerial photography. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA
Srivastava A (2002) Aquifer geometry, basement topography and groundwater quality around Ken Graben, India. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 2(2):1–8
Stafford DB (ed) (1991) Civil engineering applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems. ASCE, New York
Stone DB, Moomaw CL, Davis A (2001) Estimating recharge distribution by incorporating runoff from mountainous areas in an alluvial basin in the Great Basin region of the southwestern United States. Ground Water 39(6):807–818
Szilagyi J, Harvey FE, Ayers JF (2003) Regional estimation of base recharge to ground water using water balance and a base-flow index. Ground Water 41(4):504–513
Szilagyi J, Harvey FE, Ayers JF (2005) Regional estimation of total recharge to ground water in Nebraska. Ground Water 43(1):63–69
Teeuw RM (1995) Groundwater exploration using remote sensing and a low-cost geographical information system. Hydrogeology Journal 3(3):21–30
Todd DK (1980) Groundwater hydrology. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons NY, pp. 111–163.
Todd DK, Mays LW (2005) Groundwater hydrology. 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, pp. 636
Tomlinson RF (1984) Geographic information system: a new frontier. Operational Geographer 5:31–35
Travaglia C, Ammar O (1998) Groundwater exploration by satellite remote sensing in the Syrian Arab Republic. www.fao.org (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Tsakiris G (2004) Water resources management trends, prospects and limitations. Proceedings of the EWRA Symposium on Water Resources Management: Risks and Challenges for the 21st Century, 2–4 September 2004, Izmir, pp. 1–6
Tsihrintzis VA, Hamid R, Fuentes HR (1996) Use of geographic information systems (GIS) in water resources: a review. Water Resources Management 10:251–277
USGS (1997) Geographic Information Systems. An Information Brochure, USGS, Reston, VA
Van de Griend AA, Camillo PJ, Gurney RJ (1985) Discrimination of soil physical parameters, thermal inertia and soil moisture from diurnal surface temperature fluctuations. Water Resources Research 21:997–1009
Van Der Laan F (1992) Raster GIS allows agricultural suitability modeling at a continental scale. GIS World, October, pp. 42–50
Vasanthakumaran T, Shyamala R, Sridhar K (2002) Role of remote sensing and GIS in identifying artificial recharge zones of upper Kolavarnar river basin, Tamil Nadu. www.GISdevelopment.net (accessed on June 25, 2003)
Waters P, Greenbaum P, Smart L, Osmaston H (1990) Applications of remote sensing to groundwater hydrology. Remote Sensing Review 4:223–264
Watkins DW, McKinney DC, Maidment DR, Lin MD (1996) Use of geographic information systems in ground-water flow modeling. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE 122(2):88–96
Wylie BK, Shaffer MJ, Brodahl MK, Dubois D, Wagner DG (1994) Predicting spatial distributions of nitrate leaching in northeastern Colorado. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49(3):288–293
Zhang H, Haan CT, Nofziger DL (1990) Hydrologic modeling with GIS: An overview. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASAE 6(4):453–458
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jha, M.K., Chowdhury, A., Chowdary, V.M. et al. Groundwater management and development by integrated remote sensing and geographic information systems: prospects and constraints. Water Resour Manage 21, 427–467 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9024-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9024-4