Virus Genes

, Volume 53, Issue 2, pp 205–214 | Cite as

Genetic analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulated in broiler flocks: a case study in Iraq in 2014–2015

  • Qayssar Ali Kraidi
  • Omid Madadgar
  • Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi
  • Vahid Karimi
Article
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Abstract

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been recorded in Eurasian for several years. Since 2004–2005, the disease has become endemic in Iraq, causing serious economic losses in the poultry industry. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), two out of eight protein-coding genes, play an important role during the early stage of infection and hinder virus assembling. Little is known about the genetic information of the H9N2 viruses currently circulating in Iraq; thus, gene sequences of six AIVS of the H9N2 subtype have been detected and analyzed in the period of 2014–2015 from different outbreaks of broiler flocks in five provinces situated in the middle and southern parts of Iraq. Genetic comparison of the partial sequences of HA gene indicated that all Iraqi viruses are related to each other and could be divided into two subgroups. Viruses of the first and the second subgroups demonstrated a high similar identity with Pakistani and Iranian viruses, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the NA protein of the all studied Iraqi viruses were very similar (95.2–100% identity), and shared high nucleotide sequence identity with Iranian, Pakistani, and Lebanese strains. All six recent viruses possessed histidine, alanine, and leucine at positions 183, 190, and 226, respectively, which are the key residues in receptor-binding sites. The Iraqi viruses were closely related to viruses of G1-like lineage isolated from poultry flocks of Iran and Pakistan, suggesting that possible epidemiological links could be derived from a common origin. Further investigations are required and should include the viral isolation and full-length molecular characterization of H9N2 AIVs in this area.

Keywords

Phylogenetic analysis Avian influenza H9N2 Iraq Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the staff members of the Iraqi Veterinary Hospital, specially Dr. Haider Kadhim and Dr. Atheer Qasim for their excellent supports. This project was financially supported by a Grant (No. 28088/6/12) from the research council of the University of Tehran and a Grant (No. 3.11.2420) from ministry of higher education and scientific research of Iraq, University of Basra. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Iraj Ashrafi, Mr. Ahmad Vahedi and Mr. Behrooz Asadi for their extensive technical supports.

Author’s contribution

Qayssar Ali Kraidi, Omid Madadgar, Vahid Karimi, and Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi made substantial contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. Qayssar Ali Kraidi, Omid Madadgar, and Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi participated in the sampling, diagnosis, molecular detection, technical supports, and preparation of manuscript.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Qayssar Ali Kraidi
    • 1
    • 2
  • Omid Madadgar
    • 2
  • Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi
    • 2
  • Vahid Karimi
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of BasraBasraIraq
  2. 2.Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
  3. 3.Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIslamic Republic of Iran

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