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Landscape change alters reproductive phenology and sex expression in Attalea palms (Arecaceae) of southwestern Amazonia

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Abstract

As deforestation and land-use/land-cover change advance in tropical forest regions, an understanding of how plants adjust phenology and reproductive dynamics to altered landscapes can provide insights into plasticity, productivity, and population persistence. We compared the reproductive phenology, sex expression, and flower and fruit production of two monoecious Amazonian palms, Attalea phalerata and Attalea speciosa, in old-growth forest and as remnant trees growing in actively grazed pastures. Using 2 years of phenology data collected from natural populations near Vila Extrema, Rondônia, and eastern Acre, Brazil, we compared flowering and fruiting in the two habitats and tested for effects of palm height, crown size, and light availability on inflorescence and sex expression. Forest conversion to pasture stimulated greater overall flowering and fruiting in individual Attalea palms. As a population, remnant pasture palms continuously bore flowers and fruits year-round, while forest palms flowered seasonally in isolated peaks with consecutive months of inactivity. Crown size and greater light exposure affected flowering and fruiting dynamics in A. phalerata and A. speciosa, respectively, and increased light availability shifted A. speciosa sex expression towards greater female investment, primarily through regulation of sex determination and bud abortion. Removal of tropical forest does not always lead to the downfall of remnant tree populations, and under favorable conditions, such as abandonment of cropland and pasture, higher levels of reproduction can facilitate recovery of future generations. Tree species with flexible sex expression may be particularly resilient in the face of land-use and land-cover change.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Evandro Linhares Ferreira from the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA) for his constant logistical and intellectual support. We are grateful to the research team at Parque Zoobotânico, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Brazil, for assistance with fieldwork, especially Evandro Lima, Plínio Mitoso, José Lira, Janice Nascimento, and Anelena Carvalho. We also thank Drs. Jack Putz, Emilio Bruna, and Jane Southworth from the University of Florida (UF) for valuable comments on earlier drafts. Research was conducted under a cooperative agreement between UF and UFAC and funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship Program. EPA has not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. Partial financial support was also provided by an Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program (IGERT) Fellowship from the National Science Foundation (NSF), and grants from the International Palm Society and UF Tropical Conservation and Development Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Joanna M. Tucker Lima & Karen A. Kainer

  2. Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Nicholas M. Caruso

  3. School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH9 3JN, UK

    James Clugston

  4. School of Forest Resources and Conservation and Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Karen A. Kainer

  5. Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Rd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA

    Joanna M. Tucker Lima

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Correspondence to Joanna M. Tucker Lima.

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Communicated by E.T.F. Witkowski.

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Tucker Lima, J.M., Caruso, N.M., Clugston, J. et al. Landscape change alters reproductive phenology and sex expression in Attalea palms (Arecaceae) of southwestern Amazonia. Plant Ecol 219, 1225–1245 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0874-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0874-7

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