“We All We Got”: Considering Peer Relationships as Multi-Purpose Sustainability Outlets Among Millennial Black Women Graduate Students Attending Majority White Urban Universities
Abstract
This article explores the use of peer relationships among graduate millennial Black women (GMBW) in majority white urban universities as methods of mentorship and sustainability. Though informally constructed, the women in this study purposed their peer relationships to fill a void often satisfied through formal mentor relationships. Findings from this study also suggest that GMBW leverage their peer relationships as academic, professional, and emotional support entities that play a significant role in helping them to process instances of perceived negative race-related behaviors. Data revealed peer relationships as support mechanisms responsible for participants’ overall well-being as graduate students. A womanist epistemological perspective was applied to the research process in order to frame and interpret the participant’s experiences and existence within the aforementioned educational setting.
Keywords
Sustainability Peer relationship Urban university Millennial MentorshipReferences
- Chesler, M., Lewis, A. E., & Crowfoot, J. (2005). Challenging racism in higher education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Chickering, A. (1969). Education and identity. San Franciso: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Clark, R., Benkert, R. A., et al. (2006). Large arterial elasticity varies as a function of gender and racism-related vigilance in black youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 562–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coker, A. D. (2003). African American female adult learners: Motivations, challenges and coping strategies. Journal of Black Studies, 33, 654–674. doi: 10.1177/0021934703033005007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Collins, P. H. (1999). Reflections on the outsider within. Journal of Career Development, 26(1), 85.Google Scholar
- Collins, P. (2000). Black Feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research designs: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitiatve and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.Google Scholar
- Davis, A. M. (2015). Embodying Dillard’s Endarkened Feminist Epistemology. In V. E. Evans-Winters & B. L. Love (Eds.), Black Feminism in Education: Black Women Speak Back, Up, and Out. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Davis, S. (2016). Friendship and Sisterhood. Retrieved March 14, 2016, from For Harriet: http://www.forharriet.com/.
- Debard, R. (2004). Millennials coming to college. New Directions for Student Services, 2004(106), 33–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dillard, C. B. (2000). The substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen: Examining an endarkened feminist epistemology in educational research and leadership. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 13(6), 661–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Evans-Winters, V. E., & Love, B. L. (2005). Black Feminism in Education: Black Women Speak Back, Up, and Out. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Grant, C. M. (2012). Advancing our legacy: A Black Feminist perspective on the significance of mentoring for African–American women in educational leadership. Internation Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25, 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hausmann, L., Schofield, J., & Woods, R. (2007). Sense of belonging as a predictor of intentions to persist among African American and White first-year college students. Research in Higher Education, 48, 803–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Henry, W.J. (2008). Black female millennial college students: Dating dilemmas and identity development. Multicultural Education. Winter, 2008.Google Scholar
- Henry, W. J., Butler, D. M., & West, N. M. (2011). Things are not as rosy as they seem: Psychosocial issues of contemporary black college women. Journal of College Student Retention, 9, 137–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill, S. D. (2009). The exploration of spirituality as a means of coping and persistence in African American female college students (Unpublished doctoral disseratation). Irvine: University of California.Google Scholar
- Holder, A. M., Jackson, M. A., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2015). Racial microaggression experiences and coping strategies of Black women in corporate leadership. Qualitative Psychology, 2, 164–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hooks, B. (1989). Talking back: talking Feminist, thinking black. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
- Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising: The next generation. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
- Hu, C., Thomas, K. M., & Lance, C. E. (2008). Intentions to initiate mentoring relationships: Understanding the impact of race, proactivity, feelings of deprivation, and relationship roles. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(6), 727–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
- Johnson-Bailey, J. (2001). Sistahs in college: Making a way out of no way. Malabar: Krieger.Google Scholar
- Jones, S. R. (1997). Voice of identity and difference: A qualitative exploration of the multiple dimensions of identity development in women college students. Journal of College Student Development, 38(4), 376–386.Google Scholar
- Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2004). Shifting: The double lives of Black women in America. New York, NY: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
- Josselson, R. (1987). Finding herself: Pathways to identity development in women. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
- Josselson, R. (1996). Revising herself: The story of women’s identity from college to midlife. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. The Academy of Management Journal, 28, 110–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015). Construction and initial validation of the gendered racial microaggressions scale for Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 289–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Love, D. (2008). Revitalizing retention efforts for African American college students at predominately White institutions. In Allied Academies International Conference: Proceedings of the Academy of Educational Leadership (AEL), 13(2), 41–46.Google Scholar
- McDougall, M., & Beattie, R. S. (1997). Peer mentoring at work: The nature and outcome of non-hierarchical developmental relationships. Management learning, 59, 423–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McManus, S. E., & Russell, J. E. (2007). Peer Mentoring Relationships. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 273–297). Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
- Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study application in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Midland, D., & Teixeira, R. (2009). New Progressive America: The Millennial Generation. Retrieved from Center for American Progress website: https://www.americanprogress.org/wpcontent/uploads/issues/2009/05/pdf/millennial_generation.pdf.
- Moore, J. L., III, & Madison-Colmore, O. (2005). Using the H.E.R.S. model in counseling African American women. Journal of African American Studies, 9, 39–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morris, M. (2007). Sisters in the struggle: individual and institutional factors affecting the persistence of Black female doctoral students at U.S. predominately White institutions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
- Neville, H., Viard, B., & Turner, L. (2015). Race and recognition: Pathways to an affirmative Black Identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(3), 247–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Palmer, R. T., Maramba, D. C., & Holmes, S. L. (2011). A contemporary examination of factors promoting the academic success of minority students at a predominately-white university. Journal of College Student Retention., 13, 329–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
- Philips, L. (2006). The Womanist Reader. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
- Riposa, G. (2003). Urban universities: Meeting the needs of the students. The Annals of the American Academy, 585, 51–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shavers, M., & Moore, J. L. (2014). Black female voices: Self-presentation strategies in doctoral programs at predominately white institutions. Journal of College Student Development, 55(5), 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sheared, V. (1996). An Africentric feminist perspective on the role of adult education for diverse communities. International Adult & Continuing Education Conference, 72(896), 2–10.Google Scholar
- Stanley, C. A. (2006). Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominately White colleges and universities. American Educational Research Journal, 43, 701–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stryker, S. (1987). Identity theory: Developments and extensions. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity (pp. 89–104). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
- Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., et al. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thomas, G. D., & Hollenshead, C. (2001). Resisting from the margins: The coping strategies of Black women and other women of color faculty members at a research university. Journal of Negro Education, 70, 166–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tillman, L. C. (2012). Inventing ourselves: An informed essay for Black female scholars in educational leadership. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(1), 119–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Torres, V. (2006). A mixed method study testing data-model fit of a retention model for latino/a students at urban universities. Journal of College Student Development, 47(3), 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wallace, S. L., Moore, S. E., & Curtis, C. M. (2014). Black Women as scholars and social agents: Standing in the gap. Negro Educational Review, 65(1), 44–62.Google Scholar
- Williams, L., Layman, L., Slaten, K. M., Berenson, S. B., & Seaman, C. (2007). On the impact of a collaborative pedagogy on African American millennial students in software engineering. 29th International conference on software engineering (ICSE’07). Washington: The Computer Society.Google Scholar
- Winkle-Wagner, R. (2009a). The perpetual homelessness of college experiences: Tensions between home and campus for African American women. The Review of Higher Education, 33(1), 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Winkle-Wagner, R. (2009b). The unchosen me: Race, gender, and identity among Black women in college. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
- Winkle-Wagner, R. (2012). Self, college experiences, and society rethinking the theoretical foundations of student development theory. College Student Affairs Journal, 30(2), 45–60.Google Scholar
- Winkle-Wagner, R. (2015). Having their lives narrowed down? The state of Black women’s college success. Review of Educational Research, 85, 171–204.Google Scholar
- Wolf-Wendel, L. E. (2000). Women-friendly campuses: What five institutions are doing right. Review of Higher Education, 23, 319–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zachary, L. J. (2012). The mentor’s guide: Facilitating effective learning relationships (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar