The Tensions Between Shared Governance and Advancing Educational Equity
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between shared governance and one school district’s (in)ability to advance educational equity. Specifically, we consider the district’s policies, discourse, and practice around equity within the context of site-based management and shared decision making. We suggest that if equity is indeed a major district responsibility, then it seems inconsistent to leave equity at the mercy of shared governance and occasional externally-imposed mandates because most individual school leaders and educators are not currently taking up this agenda or implementing changes that would result in equitable education. Thus, our work suggests that progress toward educational equity may best be achieved through top-down, directive leadership in districts.
Keywords
Shared governance Educational equity Site based management Shared decision making Distributed leadership Directive leadership Social justice leadershipReferences
- Abu El-Haj, T. (2007). Elusive justice: Wrestling with difference and educational equity in everyday practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Bell, D. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bell, D. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
- Brayboy, B., Castagno, A., & Maughan, E. (2007). Equality and justice for all? Examining race in education scholarship. Review of Research in Education, 31(1), 159–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brazer, S. (2004). Principal choice and teacher participation in site-based management: Four schools implement one policy. In J. Chrispeels (Ed.), Learning to lead together: The promise and challenge of sharing leadership (pp. 255–281). Thousand Oakes: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brooks, J. S., & Witherspoon-Arnold, N. (2013). Anti-racist school leadership: Toward equity in education for America’s students. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
- Brown, D. (1990). Decentralization and school-based management. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
- Castagno, A. (2008a). “I don’t want to hear that!”: Legitimating whiteness through silence in schools. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 39(3), 314–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Castagno, A. E. (2008b). Improving academic achievement, but at what cost? The demands of diversity and equity at Birch Middle School. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 11(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Castagno, A. E. (2009). Making sense of multicultural education: A synthesis of the literature. Multicultural Perspectives, 11(1), 43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Castagno, A. E. (2013). Multicultural education and the protection of whiteness. American Journal of Education, 120(1), 101–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Castagno, A. (2014). Educated in whiteness: Good intentions and diversity in schools. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrispeels, J. (2004). Sharing leadership: Learning from challenge—Aiming toward promise. In J. Chrispeels (Ed.), Learning to lead together: The promise and challenge of sharing leadership (pp. 363–376). Thousand Oakes: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
- Dantley, M. E., & Tillman, L. C. (2006). Social justice and moral transformative leadership. In C. Marshall & M. Oliva (Eds.), Leadershipfor socialjustice: Making revolutions in education (pp. 16–30). Boston: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
- David, J. (1995/1996). The who, what, and why of site-based management. Educational Leadership, 53(December/January), 4–9.Google Scholar
- DeGrauwe, A. (2005). Improving the quality of education through school-based management: Learning from international experiences. International Review of Education, 51(4), 269–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Elmore, R. (1993). The role of local school districts in instructional improvement. In S. Fuhrman (Ed.), Designing coherent educational policy: Improving the system (pp. 96–124). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Frutcher, N. (2007). Urban schools, public will: Making education work for all children. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Gillborn, D. (2007). Racism and education: Coincidence or conspiracy?. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Gittell, M. (2005). The politics of equity in urban school reform. In J. Petrovich & A. Stuart Wells (Eds.), Bringing equity back: Research for a new era in American educational policy (pp. 16–45). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Gok, K., Peterson, K., & Warren, V. (2005). The demands of decentralization: Skills and knowledge for leaders in restructured schools. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Gonzalez, N., Moll, L., & Amanti, C. (Eds.). (2005). Funds of knowledge: Theorizing practices in households and classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
- Grossman, P., Thompson, C., & Valencia, S. (2002). Focusing the concerns of new teachers: The district as teacher educator. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 129–142). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Hightower, A., Knapp, M., Marsh, J., & McLaughlin, M. (2002a). The district role in instructional renewal: Making sense and taking action. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 193–201). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Hightower, A., Knapp, M., Marsh, J., & McLaughlin, M. (2002b). The district role in instructional renewal: Setting the stage for dialogue. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 1–6). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Hochschild, J. L., & Scott, B. (1998). Trends: Governance and reform of public education in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 79–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Horsford, S. D., Grosland, T., & Gunn, K. M. (2011). Pedagogy of the personal and professional: Toward a framework for culturally relevant leadership. Journal of School Leadership, 21(4), 582–606.Google Scholar
- Knaus, C. B. (2011). Shut up and listen: Teaching writing that counts in urban schools. New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–64.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. (2006). Educational research in the public interest: Social justice, action, and policy. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Leithwood, K., & Menzies, T. (1998). A review of research concerning the implementation of site-based management. Journal of School Leadership, 10(4), 311–331.Google Scholar
- Levine, D., & Eubanks, E. (1992). Site-based management: Engine for reform or pipedream? Problems, prospects, pitfalls, and prerequisites for success. In J. Lane & E. Epps (Eds.), Restructuring the schools: Problems and prospects (pp. 61–82). Berkeley: McCutchan.Google Scholar
- Marsh, J. (2002). How districts relate to states, schools, and communities: A review of emerging literature. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 25–40). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Marshall, C., & Patterson, J. (2002). Confounded policies: Implementing site-based management and special education policy reforms. Educational Policy, 16(3), 351–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Massell, D., & Goertz, M. (2002). District strategies for building instructional capacity. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 43–60). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Maxcy, B., & Nguyen, T. (2006). The politics of distributing leadership: Reconsidering leadership distribution in two Texas elementary schools. Educational Policy, 20, 163–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McLaughlin, M., & Talbert, J. (2002). Reforming districts. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 173–192). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- McMahon, B. (2007). Educational administrators’ conceptions of whiteness, anti-racism and social justice. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(6), 684–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Milligan, T., & Howley, C. (2015). Educational leadership in our peculiar institutions: Understandings of principals in segregated, white staffed urban elementary schools in the United States. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1), 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Moll, L., Amanti, C., Neff, D., & Gonzalez, N. (1992). Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms. Theory Into Practice, 31(2), 132–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murphy, J. (1991). Restructuring schools: Capturing and assessing the phenomenon. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Murphy, J., & Beck, L. (1995). School-based management as school reform: Taking stock. Thousand Oakes: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
- Ogawa, R., & White, P. (1994). School-based management: An overview. In S. Mohrman & P. Wohlstetter (Eds.), School-based management: Organizing for high performance (pp. 53–80). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- O’Neil, J. (1995/1996). On tapping the power of school-based management: A conversation with Michael Strembitsky. Educational Leadership, 53(December/January), 66–70.Google Scholar
- Orfield, G. (2012). The resegregation of suburban schools: A hidden crisis in American education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Pollock, M. (2004). Colormute: Race talk dilemmas in an American school. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Rorrer, A., Skrla, L., & Scheurich, J. (2008). Districts as institutional actors in educational reform. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(3), 307–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Singleton, G. E., & Linton, C. (2005). Courageous conversations about race: A field guide for achieving equity in schools. New York, NY: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
- Skrla, L., & Scheurich, J. (2001). Displacing deficit thinking in school district leadership. Education and Urban Society, 33(3), 235–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Spillane, J. (2002). District policy making and state standards: A cognitive perspective on implementation. In A. Hightower, M. Knapp, J. Marsh, & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 143–159). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Theoharis, G. (2007). Social justice educational leaders and resistances: Toward a theory of social justice leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(2), 221–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Timperly, H. (2005). Distributed leadership: Developing theory from practice. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37, 395–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vaught, S. (2011). Racism, public schooling, and the entrenchment of white supremacy. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar