Teaching for Empowerment and Excellence: The Transformative Potential of Teacher Expectations in an Urban Latina/o Classroom
- 925 Downloads
- 2 Citations
Abstract
The researchers conducted a study to gather information about one Chicano teacher’s disposition and perception of high expectations for his Latina/o students and their opportunities to learn. Findings of this paper demonstrate the ways in which institutional memory such as an ethnic studies college education as well as this teacher’s politicization as a Chicano male informed his social justice commitment and effectiveness as a teacher. Findings point to key elements of his expectations of students that include academic rigor, an empowering curriculum, caring relationships, and social capital vis-à-vis community cultural wealth. Additional evidence revealed this Chicano teacher’s pedagogy as caring-oriented, and one that actively counteracts the dominant test-prep narrative that tends to alienate Latina/o students from a socially just education. What emerges from this paper is the teacher’s theory of transformative expectations of students—a theory that articulates learning conditions conducive to promoting empowerment and excellence.
Keywords
Critical pedagogy College readiness Teacher activism Ethnic studies in education Latino education Teacher expectations Urban educationReferences
- Antrop-González, R., & De Jesús, A. (2006). Toward a theory of critical care in urban small school reform: Examining structures and pedagogies of caring in two Latino community-based schools 1. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19(4), 409–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Benard, B. (1995) Fostering resilience in children. ERIC/EECE Digest, EDO-PS-99.Google Scholar
- Benner, A. D., & Mistry, R. S. (2007). Congruence of mother and teacher educational expectations and low-income youth’s academic competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bernal, D. D. (1998). Grassroots leadership reconceptualized: Chicana oral histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles school blowouts. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 19(2), 113–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berta-Avila, M. (2004). Critical Xicana/Xicano educators: Is it enough to be a person of color? High School Journal, 87(4), 66–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bowen, W., Chingos, M., & McPherson, M. (2009). Crossing the finish line. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Bybee, J. E. (2015). “Lucky” Mexicans and White Hispanics: Latina/o teachers and racial identity. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/32025/BYBEE-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf?sequence=1.
- Clark, P., & Creswell, J. (2010). Understanding research: A consumer’s guide. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
- Contreras, F. E. (2005). Access, achievement, and social capital: Standardized exams and the Latino college-bound population. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 4(3), 197–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, R., & Jordan, W. J. (2003). Cultural issues in comprehensive school reform. Urban Education, 38(4), 380–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, R., & Liou, D. D. (2007). The structure and culture of information pathways: Rethinking opportunity to learn in urban high schools during the ninth grade transition. The High School Journal, 91(1), 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, H. M., & Tom, D. Y. (1984). Teacher expectation research: A review with implications for classroom instruction. The Elementary School Journal, 85(1), 77–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Covarrubias, A., & Lara, A. (2013). The undocumented (im)migrant educational pipeline: The influence of citizenship status on educational attainment for people of Mexican origin. Urban Education. doi: 10.1177/0042085912470468.Google Scholar
- Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational leadership, 37(1), 15–24.Google Scholar
- Flores, S. M. (2010). State dream acts: The effect of in-state resident tuition policies and undocumented Latino students. The Review of Higher Education, 33(2), 239–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Flores, B. B., Clark, E. R., Claeys, L., & Villarreal, A. (2007). Academy for Teacher Excellence: Recruiting, preparing, and retaining Latino teachers through learning communities. Teacher Education Quarterly, 33(2), 53–69.Google Scholar
- Freire, P. (1970, 1978). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.Google Scholar
- Fry, R. (2003). Hispanic youth dropping out of U.S. schools: Measuring the challenge. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/site/docs/pdf/high%20school%20dropout%20report-final.pdf.
- Gándara, P. (2004). Latino achievement: Identifying models that foster success. The National Research Center of the Gifted and Talented. Retrieved from http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/nrcgt/nrconlin.html#04194.
- Gándara, P. (2010). The Latino education crisis. Educational Leadership, 67(5), 24–30.Google Scholar
- Gregory, A., & Korth, J. (2016). Teacher-student relationships and behavioral engagement in the classroom. In K. R. Wentzel & G. B. Ramani (Eds.), Handbook of social influences in school contexts: Social-emotional, motivation, and cognitive outcomes (p. 178). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Hesse-Biber, S., & Leavy, P. (2011). The practice of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: SAGE.Google Scholar
- Landsman, J., & Lewis, C. W. (2006). White teachers, diverse classrooms: A guide to building inclusive schools, promoting high expectations, and eliminating racism. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.Google Scholar
- Lezotte, L. (2001). Revolutionary and evolutionary: The effective schools movement. Okemos, MI: Effective Schools Products.Google Scholar
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Liou, D. D., & Rotheram-Fuller, E. (2016). Where is the real reform? African American students and their school’s expectations for academic performance. Urban Education. doi: 10.1177/0042085915623340.Google Scholar
- Marina, B. L., & Holmes, N. D. (2009). Bottom line: Education is the great equalizer. Or is it? About Campus, 14(3), 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Matias, C. E., & Liou, D. D. (2015). Tending to the heart of communities of color towards critical race teacher activism. Urban Education, 50(5), 601–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2008). Teacher expectations, classroom context, and the achievement gap. Journal of School Psychology, 46(3), 235–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Milner, H. R., & Laughter, J. C. (2013). But good intentions are not enough: Preparing teachers to center race and poverty. The Urban Review, 47(2), 341–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Muñoz, C. (1989). Youth, identity, power: The Chicano movement. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
- Nieto, S. (2005). Schools for a new majority: The role of teacher education in hard times. The New Educator, 1(1), 27–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Normore, A. H. (2004). The edge of chaos: School administrators and accountability. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(1), 55–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nuñez, A., & Kim, D. (2012). Building a multicontextual model of Latino college enrollment: Student, school, and state-level effects. The Review of Higher Education, 35(2), 237–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pollock, M., Deckman, S., Mira, M., & Shalaby, C. (2010). “But what can I do?”: Three necessary tensions in teaching teachers about race. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(3), 211–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ramirez, A. F. (2003). Dismay and disappointment: Parental involvement of Latino immigrant parents. The Urban Review, 35(2), 93–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reyes McGovern, E. (2013). Let us speak: Chicana teachers on teaching (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved http://eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/5pk3576b.
- Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. The Urban Review, 3(1), 16–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rumberger, R. W., & Rodríguez, G. M. (2011). 3 Chicano Dropouts. In R. Valencia (Ed.), Chicano school failure and success: Past, present, and future (p. 76). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London, UK: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
- Seidman, I. (2013). Interviewing as qualitative research. New York, NY: Teachers College.Google Scholar
- Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research. Education for Information, 22(2004), 63–75.Google Scholar
- Sleeter, C. E. (2001). Preparing teachers for culturally diverse schools research and the overwhelming presence of whiteness. Journal of teacher education, 52(2), 94–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Solorzano, D. G., & Bernal, D. D. (2001). Examining transformational resistance through a critical race and LatCrit theory framework Chicana and Chicano students in an urban context. Urban Education, 36(3), 308–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Solórzano, D. G., & Ornelas, A. (2002). A critical race analysis of advanced placement classes: A case of educational inequality. Journal of Latinos and Education, 1(4), 215–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sólorzano, D. G., Villalpando, O., & Oseguera, L. (2005). Educational inequities and Latina/o undergraduate students in the United States: A critical race analysis of their educational progress. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 4(3), 272–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (2001). Manufacturing hope and despair: The school and kin support networks of U.S.-Mexican youth. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (2011). A social capital framework for the study of institutional agents and their role in the empowerment of low-status students and youth. Youth and Society, 43(3), 1066–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Steele, C. (2010). Whistling Vivaldi: And other clues to how stereotypes affect us (issues of our time). New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
- Tellez, K. (1999). Mexican-American preservice teachers and the intransigency of the elementary school curriculum. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(5), 555–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Urrieta, L. (2004). Chicana/o activism and education: An introduction to the special issue. The High School Journal, 87(4), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Urrieta, L. (2007). Identity production in figured worlds: How some Mexican Americans become Chicana/o activist educators. The Urban Review, 39(2), 117–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Department of Education. (2011). Winning the future: Improving education for the Latino community. In White House initiative on educational excellence for hispanics. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
- Valencia, R. R. (2002). “Mexican Americans Don’t Value Education!” on the basis of the myth, mythmaking, and debunking. Journal of Latinos and Education, 1(2), 81–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Valenzuela, A. (2010). Subtractive schooling: US-Mexican youth and the politics of caring. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
- Valenzuela, A., Prieto, L., & Hamilton, M. P. (2007). Introduction to the special issue: No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and minority youth: What the qualitative evidence suggests. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 38(1), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Villarreal, M. A. (2011). An exploration of recruitment and retention of beginning Latino teachers: An examination of new teachers with less than three years of experience and new to their position (Doctoral dissertation, Washington State University).Google Scholar
- Villegas, A., & Irvine, J. (2010). Diversifying the teaching force: An examination of major arguments. The Urban Review, 42(3), 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
- Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yosso, T. J., & Solórzano, D. G. (2006). Leaks in the Chicana and Chicano educational pipeline. Latino Policy & Issues Brief. Number 13. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center.Google Scholar
- Zarate, M. E., & Burciaga, R. (2010). Latinos and college access: Trends and future directions. Journal of College Admission, 209, 24–29.Google Scholar
- Zarate, M. E., Sáenz, V. B., & Oseguera, L. (2011). Supporting the participation and success of Chicanos in higher education. In R. Valencia (Ed.), Chicano school failure and success: Past, present, and future (pp. 120–140). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar