On Being Named a Black Supremacist and a Race Traitor: The Problem of White Racial Domination and Domestic Terrorism in U.S. Teacher Education
- 775 Downloads
- 2 Citations
Abstract
This article is concerned with the preparation of future teachers and the continued Whiteness of teacher education. Using the critical race theory methodology of counter-storytelling, this article presents a composite story to highlight and analyze how race and racism influence the preparation of future teachers in ways that typically sustain rather than challenge the Whiteness of education despite widespread self-reports of successful multicultural teacher education. While a great deal has been written about the need to better prepare future teachers for the multicultural realities of contemporary public schools, less examined is the modus operandi of race-based dominance in teacher education. This article seeks to use an examination of the intersections of White racial domination and the daily business of teacher preparation as a learning tool for pushing forward endeavors to prepare all teachers to successfully teach all students.
Keywords
Critical race theory Academic lynching WhitenessReferences
- American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE). (2010). The clinical preparation of teachers: A policy brief. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.Google Scholar
- Ball, A., & Tyson, C. (2011). Studying diversity in teacher education. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Barkley Brown, E. (1994). Negotiating and transforming the public sphere: African American political life in the transition from slavery to freedom. Public Opinion, 34, 107–146.Google Scholar
- Barry, N. H., & Lechner, J. V. (1995). Preservice teachers’ attitudes about and awareness of multicultural teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11, 149–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bell, L. (2002). Sincere fictions: The pedagogical challenges of preparing White teachers for multicultural classrooms. Equity and Excellence in Education, 35(2), 236–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bergerson, A. A. (2003). Critical race theory and white racism: Is there room for White scholars in fighting racism in education? Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(1), 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Blanchett, W. J. (2006). Disproportionate representation of African Americans in special education: Acknowledging the role of White privilege and racism. Educational Researcher, 35(6), 24–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). Racism without racists: Colorblind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
- Brown v. Board of Education. (1954). Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483.Google Scholar
- Cochran-Smith, M., Davis, D., & Fries, K. (2004). Multicultural teacher education: Research, practice and policy. In J. A. Banks & C. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook on research on multicultural education (pp. 931–975). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Cone, J. (1990). A Black theology of liberation (2nd ed.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
- Cross, B. E. (2003). Learning or unlearning racism: Transferring teacher education curriculum to classroom practices. Theory into Practice, 42, 203–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dawson, M. C. (1994). A Black counterpublic? Economic earthquakes, racial agendas, and Black politics, Public Opinion, 34, 195–223.Google Scholar
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2004). Inequality and the right to learn: Access to qualified teachers in California’s public schools. Teachers College Record, 106(10), 1936–1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dei, G. J. S., Karumanchery, L. L., & Karumanchery-Luik, N. (2007). Playing the race card: Exposing White power and privilege. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Delgado, R. (1995). Critical race theory: The cutting edge. Philadephia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Dixson, A. D., & Dingus, J. E. (2007). Tyranny of the majority: re-enfranchisement of African American teacher educators teaching for democracy. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20(6), 639–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2006). Critical race theory in education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- DuBois, W. E. B. (1920/1995). The souls of White folk. In D. L. Lewis, (Ed.), W. E. B. DuBois: A reader. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
- Fasching-Varner, K. J. (2009). No! the team ain’t alright! The institutional and individual problematic of race. Social Identities, 15(6), 811–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Feagin, J. (2010). The White racial frame. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Feagin, J. R. (2012). White party, White government: Race, class and U.S. politics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Fernandez, L. (2002). Telling stories about school: Using critical race theory and Latino critical theories to document Latina/Latino education and resistance. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Frankenberg, R. (1993). The social construction of Whiteness: White women, race matters. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
- Fuller, M. L. (1992). Monocultural teachers and multicultural students: A demographic clash. Teaching Education, 4(2), 87–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gaines, E. (1971). The autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
- Gaskins, A. (2006). Putting the color in Colorado: On being Black and teaching ethnic studies at the University of Colorado-Boulder. In C. A. Stanley (Ed.), Faculty of color: Teaching in predominantly White college and universities (pp. 139–152). Bolton: Anker Publishing Company.Google Scholar
- Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 106–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gillborn, D. (2005). Education as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory, and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gollnick, D. (1995). National and state initiatives for multicultural education. In J. A. Banks & C. H. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research in multicultural education (pp. 15–40). Old Tappan, NJ: Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Grant, C., & Secada, W. G. (1990). Preparing teachers for diversity. In W. R. Houston, M. Haberman, & J. Sikula (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 403–422). Old Tappan, NJ: Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harris, C. (1995). Whiteness as property. In K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller, & K. Thomas (Eds.), Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement (pp. 276–291). New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
- Hayes, C. (2006). Why we teach: Storying the lives of Black family of Mississippi Educators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.Google Scholar
- Hayes, C., & Juarez, B. G. (2009). You showed your Whiteness: You don’t get a “Good” White Peoples Medal. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(6), 729–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Holtzclaw, R. F. (1984). Black magnolias: A brief history of the Afro Mississippian: 1865–1980. Shaker Heights, OH: The Keeble Press.Google Scholar
- Hooks, B. (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
- Hytten, K., & Warren, J. (2003). Engaging Whiteness: how racial power gets reified in education. Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(1), 65–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Irvine, J. J. (1990). Black students and school failure. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
- Juarez, B. G., & Hayes, C. (2010). Social justice is not spoken here: Considering the nexus of knowledge, power, and the education of future teachers in the United States. Power and Education, 2(3), 233–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Juarez, B. G., Smith, D. T., & Hayes, C. (2008). Social justice means just us White people: The diversity paradox in teacher education. Democracy and Education, 17(3), 20–25.Google Scholar
- King, J. (2005). Black education. Mahwah, NJ: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Knaus, C. B. (2009). Shut up and listen: Applied critical race theory in the classroom. Race Ethnicity and Education, 12(2), 133–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Knight, M., Norton, N., Bentley, C., & Dixon, I. (2004). The power of Black and Latina/o counterstories: Urban families and college-going processes. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 35(1), 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kohli, R. (2009). Critical race reflections: Valuing the experiences of teachers of color in teacher education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 12(2), 235–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what is it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1999a). Preparing teachers for diversity: Historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions. In L. Darling-Hammond & G. Sykes (Eds.), Teaching as the learning profession: Handbook of policy and practice (pp. 86–123). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1999b). Preparing teachers for diverse populations: A Critical Race Theory perspective. Review of Research in Education, 24, 211–247.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.Google Scholar
- Leonard, D. J. (2014). “Legible thugs” Anti-Black racism is bigger than Richard Sherman. www.newblackmak.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
- Leonardo, Z. (2005). Race, whiteness, and education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Lipsitz, G. (2006). The possessive investment in whiteness: How white people profit from identity politics. (Expanded edition). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Lopez, I. (2006). White by law. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Love, B. (2004). Brown plus 50 countery-storytelling: A critical race theory analysis of the Majoritarian achievement gap story. Equity & Excellence in Education, 37, 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Marx, S. (2006). Revealing the invisible: Confronting passive racism in teacher education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- McCray, A., Sindelar, P., Kilgore, K., & Neal, L. (2002). African American women’s decisions to become teachers: Sociocultural perspectives. Qualitative Studies in Education, 15(3), 269–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McIntyre, A. (1997). Making meaning of whiteness. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- Merryfield, M. M. (2000). Why aren’t teachers being prepared to teach for diversity, equity, and global interconnectedness? A study of lived experiences in the making of multicultural and global educators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 429–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- National Center for Education Statistics. (2002). NCES digest of education statistics. Available online at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt068.asp. Accessed 20 July 2004.
- National Summit on Diversity in the Teaching Force. (2002). Losing ground: A national summit on diversity in the teaching force, summit proceedings document. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
- Noguera, P. (2012). Saving Black and Latino boys: What schools can do to make a difference. Kappan Magazine, 93(5), 8–12.Google Scholar
- O’Connor, C., Lewis, A., & Mueller, J. (2007). Researching “Black” educational experiences and outcomes: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Educational Researcher, 36(9), 541–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perry, T., Steele, C., & Hilliard, A. I. I. I. (2003). Young, gifted and Black: Promoting high achievement among African-American students. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
- Reyes, A. H. (2006). Discipline, achievement and race. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Rodriguez, L. F. (2012). “Everybody grieves, but still nobody sees”: Toward a praxis of recognition for Latina/o students in US schools. Teachers College Press, 114, 1–31.Google Scholar
- Schott Foundation for Public Education, (2010). Yes we can: The Schott 50 state report on public education and Black males. Cambridge, MA: Self-published.Google Scholar
- Sleeter, C. (2001). Preparing teachers for culturally diverse schools: Research and the overwhelming presence of Whiteness. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 94–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sleeter, C., & Delgago Bernal, D. (2002). Critical pedagogy, critical race theory, and antiracist education: Implications for multicultural education. In J. A. Banks & C. A. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
- Solorzano, D. (1997). Images and words that wound: Critical race theory, racial stereotyping, and teacher education. Teacher Education Quarterly, 24(3), 5–19.Google Scholar
- Solorzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). A critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stanley, C. A. (2006). Walking between two cultures: The often misunderstood Jamaican woman. In C. A. Stanley (Ed.), Faculty of color: Teaching in predominantly White college and universities (pp. 328–343). Bolton: Anker Publishing Company.Google Scholar
- Suitts, S. (2007). A new majority: Low income students in the South’s public schools. Atlanta: Southern Education Foundation Inc.Google Scholar
- Tate, W. F. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory and implications, Review of Research in Education, 22, 195–247.Google Scholar
- Taylor, E. (1998). A primer on critical race theory: Who are the critical race theorists and what are they saying? Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 19(1), 122–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Terrell, M. M., & Mark, D. L. H. (2000). Pre-service teachers’ expectations for schools with children of color and second-language learners. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(2), 149–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Trueba, E. T., & Bartolome, L. I. (2000). Immigrant voices: In search of educational equity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Villegas, A. M., & Lucas, T. (2002). Educating culturally responsive teachers: A coherent approach. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- Weiner, L. (2000). Preparing teachers for urban schools: Lessons from thirty years of school reform (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar