The Mapping of a Framework: Critical Race Theory and TESOL
- 1.3k Downloads
- 11 Citations
Abstract
In this article, I attempt to elucidate some key intersections between critical race theory (CRT) in synthesis with English language learning as a way to examine linguistic and racial identity in English language teaching. I ask: How does critical race theory apply to English language learners when language rather than race is fore-grounded? What aspects of CRT would assist in theorizing the relationship between language and race for teachers of English to speakers of other languages? In looking to CRT to inform and expand critical approaches to English language teaching, I hope to more closely tie English language learning to issues of race as a way to better understand the intersectionality of these identity factors in the educational context of language teaching and learning. Such inquiry could work to broaden teachers’ knowledge of the ways that linguistic and racial membership inform student learning, and raise awareness about the range of perspectives and cultural interpretations that linguistic minorities may hold.
Keywords
English language learning Critical race theory Teacher education Race and languageReferences
- Ada, A. F., & Campoy, F. I. (2004). Authors in the classroom: A transformative education process. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.Google Scholar
- Apple, M. (2009). Forward. Globalizations and education: Collected essays on class, race, gender, and the state. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Apple, M. (2011). Global crises, social justice, and teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 62(2), 222–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Austin, T. (2009). Linguicism and race in the United States: Impact on teacher education from past to present. In R. Kubota & A. Lin (Eds.), Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practice (pp. 252–270). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bell, D. (1980). Brown v. Board of education and the interest convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- California Newsreel (2003). Race: The power of an illusion. [videorecording] San Francisco, CA: Independent Television Service.Google Scholar
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1988). Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101(7), 1331–1387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1993). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cummins, J. (1980). The cross-lingual dimensions of language proficiency: Implications for bilingual education and the optimal age issue. TESOL Quarterly, 14(2), 175–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Curtis, A., & Romney, M. (Eds.). (2006). Color, race, and English language teaching: Shades of meaning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
- Darder, A., & Torres, R. D. (2004). After race: Racism after multiculturalism. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Delgado, R. (1989). Symposium: Legal storytelling. Michigan Law Review, 87, 2073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delgado, R. (Ed.). (1995). Critical race theory: The cutting edge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (Eds.). (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Dempsey, J. (2013). A difficult choice for Turks in Germany. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/world/europe/16iht-letter16.html. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- Diaz-Rico, L. T., & Weed, K. Z. (2009). The crosscultural, language, and academic development handbook: A complete K-12 reference guide (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.Google Scholar
- Farber, D. A., & Sherry, S. (2009). Telling stories out of school. Foundations of critical race theory in education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York, NY: Pantheon.Google Scholar
- Fraser, N. (1989). Unruly practices: Power, discourse, and gender in contemporary social theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
- Freeman, D., & Freeman, Y. (2009). Essential linguistics: What you need to know to teach reading, ESL, spelling, phonics, grammar. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
- Gal, S., & Irvine, J. (1995). The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research, 62, 967–1001.Google Scholar
- Garcia, E., Arias, M. B., Murri, N. J. H., & Serna, C. (2010). Developing responsive teachers: A challenge for a demographic reality. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 132–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gillborn, D. (2009). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory, and education reform. In E. Taylor, D. Gillborn, & G. Ladson-Billings (Eds.), Foundations of critical race theory in education (pp. 51–72). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Gilpin, L. S. (2006). Postpositivist realist theory: Identity and representation revisited. Multicultural Perspectives, 8(4), 10–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goldberg, D. (1993). Racist culture: Philosophy and the politics of meaning. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
- Hilner, B. (2005). ‘Bad policy and bad law’: The shortcomings of the no child left behind act in bilingual educational policy and its frustration of the equal protection clause. Educational Law Consortium Journal, 5, 4–5.Google Scholar
- King, J. (1992). Diaspora literacy and consciousness in the struggle against miseducation in the black community. Journal of Negro Education, 60, 133–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kubota, R. (2004). Critical multiculturalism and second language education. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds.), Critical pedagogies and language learning (pp. 30–52). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2006). Race and TESOL: Introduction to concepts and theories. TESOL Quarterly, 40, 471–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2009). Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lapkoff, S., & Li, R. M. (2007). Five trends for schools. Educational Leadership, 64(6), 8–15.Google Scholar
- Lawrence, C. R., Matsuda, M. J., Delgado, R., & Crenshaw, K. W. (1993). Words that wound: Critical race theory, assaultive speech, and the first amendment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
- Liggett, T. (2005). Visualizing the invisible: The role of white racial identity in the teaching and pedagogy of new ESOL teachers. Unpublished dissertation.Google Scholar
- Liggett, T. (2008). Frames of reference: The impact of race on teaching strategy and classroom discussion. The Urban Review, 4(4), 386–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Liggett, T. (2009). Unpacking white racial identity in English language teacher education. In R. Kubota & A. Lin (Eds.), Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practice (pp. 27–43). New York, NY: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
- Liggett, T. (2010). “A little bit marginalized”: The structural marginalization of English language teachers in urban and rural public schools. Teaching Education, 21(3), 217–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Litowitz, D. E. (2009). Some critical thoughts on critical race theory. In E. Taylor, D. Gillborn, & G. Ladson-Billings (Eds.), Foundations of critical race theory in education (pp. 291–310). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Macdonald, A. (2002). Feminist pedagogy and the appeal to epistemic privilege. In A. Macdonald & S. Sanchez-Casal (Eds.), Twenty-first century feminist classrooms: Pedagogies of identity and difference (pp. 111–133). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Mohanty, S. (2000). The epistemic status of cultural identity: On beloved and the postcolonial condition. In P. Moya & M. Hames-Garcia (Eds.), Reclaiming identity: Realist theory and the predicament of postmodernism (pp. 29–66). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
- Mouffe, C. (1993). The return of the political. London: Verso.Google Scholar
- National Center for Education Statistics. (2005). www.nces.ed.gov.
- Pennycook, A. (1998). English and the discourses of colonialism. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Peregoy, S. F., & Boyle, O. F. (2009). Reading, writing, and learning in ESL: A resource book for teaching K-12 English learners (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.Google Scholar
- Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2006). Immigrant America: A portrait (3rd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
- Rahilly, M. K., & Weinmann, A. (2007). An overview of title III programs. In Presentation at the annual conference of the teachers of English to speakers of other languages, Seattle.Google Scholar
- Reyes, A., & Lo, (Eds.). (2009). Beyond yellow English: Toward a linguistic anthropology of Asian Pacific America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Shuck, G. (2001). Imagining the native speaker: The poetics of complaint in university student discourse. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona.Google Scholar
- Shuck, G. (2006). Racializing the Nonnative English Speaker. In T. Ricento & T. G. Wiley (Eds.), Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
- Smith, C. (November 5, 2005). Immigrant rioting flares in France for ninth night. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/international/europe/05france.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- Sniderman, P. M., & Hagendoorn, A. (2007). When ways of life collide: Multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Solorzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-story telling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 23–44.Google Scholar
- Talmy, S. (2010). Becoming “Local” in ESL: Racism as resource in a Hawai’i public high school. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 9(1), 36–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taylor, E., Gillborn, D., & Ladson-Billings, G. (Eds.). (2009). Foundations of critical race theory in education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Torres, C. A. (2009). Globalizations and education: Collected essays on class, race, gender and the state. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Urciuoli, B. (1996). Exposing prejudice: Puerto Rican experiences of language, race, and class. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Poverty tables 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2005, from www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/poverty03/tables03.html.
- U.S. English. (2013) http://www.us-english.org/view/13. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
- Valdes, G. (1996). Con Respeto: Bridging the distances between culturally diverse families and schools, an ethnographic portrait. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Valenzuela, A. (1999). Subtractive schooling: U.S.-Mexican youth and the politics of caring. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wiley, T., & Lukes, M. (1996). English-only and standard English ideologies in the U.S. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 511–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Young, R. (2003). Postcolonialism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar