Coloring the College Pathway: A More Culturally Responsive Approach to College Readiness and Access for Students of Color in Secondary Schools
- 2.5k Downloads
- 19 Citations
Abstract
Considering the current structural challenges that exist for students of color (SOC) in accessing a higher education, an epistemology is needed that better represents the complex process SOC endure in this pursuit. College access literature either proposes stages (Hossler and Gallagher in Coll Univ 62(3):207–221, 1987), contextual layers (Perna in Higher education: handbook of theory and research. Springer, Amsterdam, 2006) or a pipeline approach (Horn in Confronting the odds: students at risk and the pipeline to higher education. National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, D.C., 1997; Cabrera and LaNasa in Understanding the colleges choice of disadvantaged. Jossey-Bass Inc, San Francisco, 2000a) that do not consider the additional resources and skills SOC must possess in navigating their educational pathways. This paper presents findings from two larger studies to propose an approach that colors outside the standard college access and readiness frameworks and uses a more culturally responsive approach to consider the complex and auspicious ways in which SOC navigate their college pathways. Culturally responsive recommendations for increasing college readiness and access for SOC in secondary schools will be provided based on the perspectives of SOC themselves.
Keywords
Students of color College readiness Cultural responsiveness Secondary schoolsReferences
- Arredondo, P., Toporek, M. S., Brown, S., Jones, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., et al. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 24(1), 42–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Balfanz, R., & Legters, N. (2004). Locating the dropout crisis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Center for Social Organization of Schools.Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1977). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In J. Karabel & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp. 487–511). New York: Oxford University.Google Scholar
- Cabrera, A. F., & LaNasa, S. M. (2000a). Three critical task America’s disadvantage face on their path to college. In A. F. Cabrera & S. M. LaNasa (Eds.), Understanding the colleges choice of disadvantaged (Vol. 107). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.Google Scholar
- Cabrera, A. F., & LaNasa, S. M. (2000b). Overcoming the task on the path to college for America’s disadvantaged. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2000(107), 31–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Castro, E. L. (2013). Racialized readiness for college and career: Toward an equity grounded social science of intervention programming. Community College Review (in press).Google Scholar
- Ceja, M. (2001). Applying, choosing, and enrolling in higher education: Understanding the college choice process of first-generation Chicana students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
- Choy, S. P., Horn, L. J., Nunez, A., & Chen, X. (2000). Transition to college: What helps at-risk students and students whose parents did not attend college? In A. F. Cabrera, R. Zemsky, S. M. LA Nasa, M. Steven (Eds.) Understanding the college choice of disadvantaged students. New Directions for Institutional Research (Vol. 107). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology (Supplement: Organizations and institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure) (94), S95–S120.Google Scholar
- Conley, D. T. (2007a). Redefining college readiness (Vol. 3). Eugene, OR: Educational Policy Improvement Center.Google Scholar
- Conley, D. T. (2007b). The Challenge of college readiness. Educational Leadership, 64(7), 23–29.Google Scholar
- Conley, D. T. (2008). Rethinking college readiness. New Directions for Higher Education, 144, 3–13.Google Scholar
- Conley, D. T. (2010). College and career ready: Helping all students succeed beyond high school. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, C. R. (2002). Five bridges along students’ pathways to college: A developmental blueprint of families, teachers, counselors, mentors, and peers in the Puente Project. Educational Policy, 16(4), 607–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, R., & Liou, D. D. (2007). The structure and culture of information pathways: Rethinking opportunity to learn in urban high schools during the ninth grade transition. The High School Journal, 91(1), 43–56.Google Scholar
- Delgado Bernal, D. (2001). Learning and living pedagogies of the home: The mestizo consciousness of Chicana students. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 14(5), 623–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delgado Bernal, D. (2002). Critical race theory, Latino critical theory, and critical raced-gendered epistemologies: Recognizing students of color as holders and creators of knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 105–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dillon, D. R., O’Brien, D. G., Moje, E. B., & Stewart, R. A. (2006). Literacy learning in secondary school science classrooms: A cross-case analysis of three qualitative studies. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31(4), 345–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dumais, S. A., & Ward, A. (2010). Cultural capital and first-generation college success. Poetics, 38, 245–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Farmer-Hinton, R. L., & Adams, T. L. (2006). Social capital and college preparation: Exploring the role of counselors in a college prep school for Black students. The Negro Educational Review, 57(1–2), 101–116.Google Scholar
- Fránquiz, M., & Salazar, M. (2004). The transformative potential of humanizing pedagogy: Addressing the diverse needs of Chicano/Mexicano students. The High School Journal, 87(4), 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Freeman, K. (1997). Increasing African Americans’ participation in higher education: African American high school students’ perspectives. Journal of Higher Education, 68(5), 523–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fruchter, N. M., Hester, M., Mokhtar, C., & Shahn, Z. (2012). Is demography still destiny? Neighborhood demographics and public high school students’ readiness for college in New York City. Providence, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform.Google Scholar
- Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, & practice. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Gonzales, K. P., Stoner, C., & Jovel, J. E. (2003). Examining the role of social capital in access to college for Latinas: Toward a college opportunity framework. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2(1), 146–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- González, N., & Moll, L. C. (2002). Cruzando el puente: Harnessing funds of knowledge in the Puente project. Journal of Educational Policy, 16(4), 623–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Griffin, K. A., & Reddick, R. J. (2011). Surveillance and sacrifice: Gender differences in the mentoring patterns of Black professors at predominantly White research universities. American Educational Research Journal, 48(5), 1032–1057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hooker, S., & Brand, B. (2010). College knowledge: A critical component of college readiness. New Directions for Youth Development, 127, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Horn, L. (1997) Confronting the odds: Students at risk and the pipeline to higher education. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. (NCES 98094).Google Scholar
- Horvat, E. M., & Lewis, K. S. (2003). Reassessing the “Burden of ‘acting White’”: The importance of peer groups in managing academic success. Sociology of Education, 76, 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hossler, D., Braxton, J., & Coopersmith, G. (1989). Understanding student college choice. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 5, pp. 231–288). New York: Agathon.Google Scholar
- Hossler, D., & Gallagher, K. S. (1987). Studying student college choice: A three phase model and the implications for policymakers. College and University, 62(3), 207–221.Google Scholar
- Hossler, D., Schmit, J., & Vesper, N. (1999). Going to college: How social, economic, and educational factors influence the decisions students make. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
- Irizarry, I., & Donaldson, M. L. (2012). Teach for America: The Latinization of U.S. schools and the critical shortage of Latina/o teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 49(1), 155–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jackson, G. (1982). Public efficiency and private choice in higher education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 4(2), 237–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jerald, C. D., Haycock, K., & Wilkins, A. (2009). Fighting for quality and equality, too. How state policymakers can ensure the drive to improve teacher quality doesn’t just trickle down to poor and minority children. Washington, D.C.: Education Trust.Google Scholar
- Kao, G. (2004). Social capital and its relevance to minority and immigrant populations. Sociology of Education, 77, 172–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kelly, S., & Price, H. (2011). The correlates of tracking policy: Opportunity hoarding, status competition, or a technical-functional explanation? American Educational Research Journal, 48(3), 560–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kimura-Walsh, E., Yamamura, E., Griffin, K. A., & Allen, W. R. (2009). Achieving the college dream? Examining disparities in access to college information among high achieving and non-high achieving Latina students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 8(3), 298–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Knight-Diop, M. G. (2010). Closing the gap: Enacting care and facilitating Black students’ educational access in the creation of a college-going culture. Journal of Education for Students Placed At-Risk, 15, 158–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lareau, A., & Horvat, E. M. (1999). Moments of social inclusion and exclusion race, class, and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of Education, 72(1), 37–53.Google Scholar
- Levine, A., & Nidiffer, J. (1996). Beating the odds: How the poor get to college. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
- Linnehan, F., Weer, C. H., & Stonley, P. (2006). High school guidance counselors: Facilitators or preemptors of social stratification in education. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
- Liou, D. D., Antrop-González, R., & Cooper, R. (2009). Unveiling the promise of community cultural wealth to sustaining Latina/o students’ college-going information networks. Educational Studies, 45, 534–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lombardi, A., Seburn, M., & Conley, D. (2011). Developmental and initial validation of a measure of academic behaviors associated with college and career readiness. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 375–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martinez, M. A. (2010). Traversing literal and figurative borders in South Texas: Mexican Americans and college choice. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
- Martinez, S., & Cervera, Y. L. (2012). Fulfilling educational aspirations: Latino students’ college information seeking patterns. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 11(4), 388–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martinez, M. A., & Welton, A. D. (2012). Examining college opportunity structures for students of color at high “Minority,” high poverty secondary schools in Texas. Journal of School Leadership (in press).Google Scholar
- Mayer, A. P., & Tucker, S. K. (2010). Cultivating students of color: Strategies for ensuring high academic achievement in middle and secondary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 20, 470–490.Google Scholar
- McDonough, P. M. (1997). Choosing college: How social class and school structure opportunity. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- McDonough, P. (2005). Counseling and college counseling in America’s high schools. A report commissioned by the National Association for College Admission Counseling. Retrieved April 1, 2010 from http://www.nacacnet.org/PublicationsResources/Research/Documents/WhitePaper_McDonough.pdf.
- Millitello, M., Schweid, J., & Carey, J. (2011). ¡Sí se puede en colaboración! Increasing college placement rates of low-income students. Teachers College Record, 113(7), 1435–1479.Google Scholar
- Milner, H. R. (2007). Race, culture, and researcher positionality: Working through dangers seen, unseen, and unforeseen. Educational Researcher, 36(7), 388–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Muñoz, S. M., & Maldonado, M. M. (2012). Counterstories of college persistence by undocumented Mexicana students: navigating race, class, gender, and legal status. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(3), 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Museus, S. D. (2011). An introductory mixed-methods intersectionality analysis of college access and equity: an examination of first-generation Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. New Directions of Institutional Research, 151, 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- NCES. (2006). Student effort and educational progress transition to college, Table 24.1, Retrieved February 2009 from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2008/section3/table.asp?tableID=902.
- Nichols, J. D., & White, J. (2001). Impact of peer networks on achievement of high school algebra students. Journal of Educational Research, 94(5), 267–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Noguera, P. A. (2003). The trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males. Urban Education, 38, 431–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oakes, J. (1982). The reproduction of inequity: The content of secondary school tracking. The Urban Review, 14(2), 107–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Orfield, G., & Lee, C. (2006). Racial transformation and the changing nature of segregation. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University.Google Scholar
- Perez, P. (2007). Social capital and chain migration: The college choice process of Chicana and Chicano community college, transfer and university students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
- Perna, L. W. (2006). Studying college access and choice: A proposed conceptual model. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 21, pp. 99–157). Amsterdam: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peske, H. G., & Haycock, K. (2006). Teaching inequality: How poor and minority students are shortchanged on teacher quality. Washington, D.C.: The Education Trust.Google Scholar
- Pike, G. R., & Kuh, G. D. (2005). First- and second-generation college students: A comparison of their engagement and intellectual development. Journal of Higher Education, 76(3), 276–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and economic growth. Current, 356(6), 4.Google Scholar
- Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reddick, R., Welton, A., Alsandor, D., Platt, S., & Denyszyn, J. (2011). Stories of success: Pathways to higher education for graduates from high minority, high poverty public schools. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22(4), 594–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reid, M. J., & Moore, J. L., III. (2008). College readiness and academic preparation for postsecondary education: Oral histories of first-generation urban college students. Urban Education, 43(2), 240–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rios-Aguilar, C., & Kiyama, J. M. (2012). Funds of knowledge: An approach to studying Latina(o) students’ transition to college. Journal of Latinos and Education, 11(1), 2–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roderick, M., Nagaoka, J., & Coca, V. (2009). College readiness for all: The challenge for urban high schools. The Future of Children, 19(1), 185–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35(4), 420–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scheurich, J., & Young, M. (1997). Coloring epistemologies. Are our research epistemologies racially biased? Educational Researcher, 26(4), 4–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schneider, B. (2007). Forming a college-going community in U.S. public high schools. Seattle, WA: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Google Scholar
- Somers, P., Cofer, J., & VanderPutten, J. (2002). The early bird goes to college: The link between early college aspirations and postsecondary matriculation. Journal of College Students Development, 43(1), 93–107.Google Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (1997). A social capital framework for understanding the socialization of racial minority children and youths. Harvard Educational Review, 67(1), 1–40.Google Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (2001). Manufacturing hope and despair: The school and kin support networks of U.S. Mexican youth. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. D., & Spina, S. U. (2000). The network orientations of highly resilient urban minority youth. The Urban Review: Issues and Ideas in Public Education, 32(3), 222–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Steele, C. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stewart, E. B., Stewart, E. A., & Simons, R. L. (2007). The effect of neighborhood context on the college aspirations of African American adolescents. American Educational Research Journal, 44(4), 896–919.Google Scholar
- Stinson, D. W. (2008). Negotiating sociocultural discourses: The counter-storytelling of academically (and mathematically) successful African American male students. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 975–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury, Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
- Swail, W. S., Redd, K. E., & Perna, L. (2003). Retaining minority students in higher education: A framework for success: ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 30(2). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Google Scholar
- Teranishi, R. T. (2002). Asian Pacific Americans and critical race theory: An examination of school racial climate. Equity & Excellence in Education, 32(2), 144–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Texas Education Agency. (2011). 2010-11 Academic Excellence Indicator System. Retrieved January 14, 2012 from http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/aeis/2011/district.srch.html.
- Tienda, M., Leicht, K., Sullivan, T., Maltese, M., & Lloyd, K. (2003). Closing the gap?: Admissions and enrollments at the Texas public flagships before and after affirmative action. Princeton, NJ: Texas Top 10% Project.Google Scholar
- Tillman, L. C. (2002). Culturally sensitive research approaches: An African-American perspective. Educational Researcher, 31(9), 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tobolowsky, B. F., Outcalt, C. L., & McDonough, P. (2005). The role of HBCUs in the college choice process of African Americans in California. The Journal of Negro Education, 74(1), 63–75.Google Scholar
- Tornatzky, L. G., Cutler, R., & Lee, J. (2002). College knowledge: What Latino parents need to know and why they don’t know it. Claremont, CA: The Tomás Rivera Policy Institute.Google Scholar
- Tyson, K. (2011). Integration interrupted: Tracking, Black students, and acting White after Brown. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Census. (2012). School enrollment in the United States: 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012 from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/education/cb12-tps57.html.
- Valadez, J. R. (2008). Shaping the educational decisions of Mexican immigrant high school students. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 834–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Valencia, R. R. (1997). The evolution of deficit thinking: Educational thought and practice. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
- Valencia, R. R. (2010). Dismantling contemporary deficit thinking: Educational thought and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Valenzuela, A. (1999). Subtractive schooling: U.S. Mexican youth and the politics of caring. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- Vela-Gude, L., Cavazos, J., Jr, Johnson, M. S., Fielding, C., Cavazos, A. G., Campos, L., et al. (2009). “My counselors were never there”: Perceptions from Latino college students. Professional School Counseling, 12(4), 272–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Venezia, A., & Kirst, M. W. (2005). Inequitable opportunities: How current education systems and policies undermine the chances for student persistence and success in college. Educational Policy, 19(2), 283–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Venezia, A., Kirst, M. W., & Antonio, A. L. (2003). Betraying the college dream: How disconnected K-12 and postsecondary education systems undermine student aspirations. Stanford, CA: The Stanford Institute for Higher Education Research.Google Scholar
- Walpole, M. (2007). Social class effects and multiple identities. Economically and Educationally Challenged Students in Higher Education: Access to Outcomes. ASHE Higher Education Report, 33(3), 59–68.Google Scholar
- Yonezawa, S., Wells, A. S., & Serna, I. (2002). Choosing tracks: “Freedom of choice” in detracking schools. American Educational Research Journal, 39(1), 37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yosso, T. J. (2006). Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/o educational pipeline. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Zirkel, S. (2004). What will you think of me? Racial integration, peer relationships, and achievement among white students and students of color. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1), 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zuckerbrod, N. (2007). Dropout factories: Take a closer look at failing schools across the country. Retrieved June, 2008 from http://hosted.ap.org/specials/interactives/wdc/dropout/index.html?SITE=AP.