A choice for ‘me’ or for ‘us’? Using we-reasoning to predict cooperation and coordination in games
- 299 Downloads
- 3 Citations
Abstract
Cooperation is the foundation of human social life, but it sometimes requires individuals to choose against their individual self-interest. How then is cooperation sustained? How do we decide when instead to follow our own goals? I develop a model that builds on Bacharach (in: Gold, Sugden (eds) Beyond individual choice: teams and frames in game theory, 2006) ‘circumspect we-reasoning’ to address these questions. The model produces a threshold cost/benefit ratio to describe when we-reasoning players should choose cooperatively. After assumptions regarding player types and beliefs, we predict how the extent of cooperation varies across games. Results from two experiments offer strong support to the models and predictions herein.
Keywords
Prisoner’s Dilemma Hi–Lo We-reasoning ExperimentJEL Classification
C70 C91 D03 D81Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Supplementary material
References
- Ainslie G. (1992) Picoeconomics. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Altshuler D., Dickson W., Vance J., Roberts S., Dickinson M. (2005) Short-amplitude high-frequency wing strokes determine the aerodynamics of honeybee flight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 18213–18218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bacharach M. (2006) Team thinking. In: Gold N, Sugden R (eds) Beyond individual choice Teams and frames in game theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, pp 120–155Google Scholar
- Bergstrom T. (2003) The algebra of assortative encounters and the evolution of cooperation. International Game Theory Review 5: 211–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Binmore K. (1992) Foundations of game theory. In: Laffont J. J. (eds) Advances in economic theory. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Brosig J. (2002) Cooperative behavior: Some experimental results in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 47: 275–290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Butler D., Burbank V., Chisholm J. (2011) The frames behind the games. Journal of Socioeconomics 40: 103–114Google Scholar
- Butler D., Loomes G. (2007) Imprecision as an account of the preference reversal phenomenon. American Economic Review 97: 277–297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Colman A. (1995) Game theory and its applications in the social and biological sciences. (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- De Cremer D., Van Vugt M. (1999) Social identification effects in social dilemmas: A transformation of motives. European Journal of Social Psychology 29: 871–893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dufwenberg M., Kirchsteiger G. (2004) A theory of sequential reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior 47: 268–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dunbar R., Shultz S. (2007) Evolution in the social brain. Science 317: 1344–1347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ellington C. P. (1984) The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 305: 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gauthier D. (1986) Morals by agreement. Clarendon Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- Gauthier, D., Sugden, R. (eds) (1993) Rationality, justice and the social contract: Themes from ‘morals by agreement’. Harvester Wheatsheaf, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Gold N., Sugden R. (2007) Collective intentions and team agency. Journal of Philosophy 104: 109–137Google Scholar
- Hamilton W. D. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hollis M., Sugden R. (1993) Rationality in action. Mind 102: 1–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- List J. (2006) Friend or foe? A natural experiment of the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Review of Economics and Statistics 88: 463–471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Magnan A. (1934) La Locomotion Chez les Animaux. Hermann, ParisGoogle Scholar
- Marwell G., Schmitt D. R. (1975) Co-operation: An experimental analysis. Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Nowak M. (2006) Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314: 1560–1563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nozick R. (1993) The nature of rationality. Princeton University Press, PrincetonGoogle Scholar
- Price M., Cosmides L., Tooby J. (2002) Punitive sentiment as an anti-free rider psychological device. Evolution and Human Behavior 23: 203–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rabin M. (1993) Incorporating fairness into game theory. American Economic Review 83: 1281–1301Google Scholar
- Rapoport A., Chammah A. (1965) Prisoner’s Dilemma: A study in conflict and cooperation. University of Michigan Press, Ann ArborGoogle Scholar
- Rohrbaugh M., Mehl M., Shoham V., Reilly E., Ewy G. (2008) Prognostic significance of spouse we talk in couples coping with heart failure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76: 781–789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ross D. (2007) Microexplanations. MIT Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Roth A., Murnighan J.K. (1978) Equilibrium behavior and repeated play of the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 17: 189–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sally D. (1995) Conversation and cooperation in social dilemmas: A meta-analysis of experiments from 1958–1992. Rationality and Society 7: 58–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Savage L. J. (1954) The foundations of statistics. John Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Simpson B. (2006) Social identity and cooperation in social dilemmas. Rationality and Society 18: 443–470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sugden R. (2003) The logic of team reasoning. Philosophical Explorations 6: 165–181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thaler R., Camerer C. (2003) In honor of Matthew Rabin: Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal. Journal of Economic Perspectives 17: 159–176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tomasello M., Carpenter M., Call J., Behne T., Moll H. (2005) Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28: 675–691Google Scholar
- Tversky A., Kahneman D. (1992) Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5: 297–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Huyk J., Battalio R., Beil R. (1990) Tacit coordination games, strategic uncertainty and coordination failure. American Economic Review 80: 234–248Google Scholar
- Van Vugt M., Van Lange P. (2006) The altruism puzzle: Psychological adaptations for pro-social behavior. In: Schaller M., Kenrick D., Simpson J. (eds) Evolution and social psychology. Psychology Press, New York, pp 237–261Google Scholar
- Zizzo D., Tan J. (2007) Perceived harmony, similarity and cooperation in 2 × 2 games: an experimental study. Journal of Economic Psychology 28: 365–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar