Abstract
Anthropogenic effects on the space environment started in the late 19th century and reached their peak in the 1960s when high-altitude nuclear explosions were carried out by the USA and the Soviet Union. These explosions created artificial radiation belts near Earth that resulted in major damages to several satellites. Another, unexpected impact of the high-altitude nuclear tests was the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that can have devastating effects over a large geographic area (as large as the continental United States). Other anthropogenic impacts on the space environment include chemical release experiments, high-frequency wave heating of the ionosphere and the interaction of VLF waves with the radiation belts. This paper reviews the fundamental physical process behind these phenomena and discusses the observations of their impacts.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland and its staff for organizing and supporting the Workshop on the Scientific Foundations of Space Weather that motivated the work in this paper. The work performed at the University of Michigan was supported by National Science Foundation grant AGS-1322543. JDH was supported by NRL Base Funds. Work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was sponsored by US National Science Foundation grant AGS-1242204. Work at the University of Colorado/LASP was supported by funding from NASA and the National Science Foundation. The authors thank Vaughn Hoxie, Scot Elkington, Hong Zhao, and Tom Mason for extraordinary efforts in adapting and portraying data from the Explorer XV and Van Allen Probes missions.
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Gombosi, T.I., Baker, D.N., Balogh, A. et al. Anthropogenic Space Weather. Space Sci Rev 212, 985–1039 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0357-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0357-5