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Space Science Reviews

, Volume 178, Issue 2–4, pp 535–598 | Cite as

The Dynamic Quasiperpendicular Shock: Cluster Discoveries

  • V. Krasnoselskikh
  • M. Balikhin
  • S. N. Walker
  • S. Schwartz
  • D. Sundkvist
  • V. Lobzin
  • M. Gedalin
  • S. D. Bale
  • F. Mozer
  • J. Soucek
  • Y. Hobara
  • H. Comisel
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The physics of collisionless shocks is a very broad topic which has been studied for more than five decades. However, there are a number of important issues which remain unresolved. The energy repartition amongst particle populations in quasiperpendicular shocks is a multi-scale process related to the spatial and temporal structure of the electromagnetic fields within the shock layer. The most important processes take place in the close vicinity of the major magnetic transition or ramp region. The distribution of electromagnetic fields in this region determines the characteristics of ion reflection and thus defines the conditions for ion heating and energy dissipation for supercritical shocks and also the region where an important part of electron heating takes place. In other words, the ramp region determines the main characteristics of energy repartition. All these processes are crucially dependent upon the characteristic spatial scales of the ramp and foot region provided that the shock is stationary. The process of shock formation consists of the steepening of a large amplitude nonlinear wave. At some point in its evolution the steepening is arrested by processes occurring within the shock transition. From the earliest studies of collisionless shocks these processes were identified as nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion. Their relative role determines the scales of electric and magnetic fields, and so control the characteristics of processes such as ion reflection, electron heating and particle acceleration. The determination of the scales of the electric and magnetic field is one of the key issues in the physics of collisionless shocks. Moreover, it is well known that under certain conditions shocks manifest a nonstationary dynamic behaviour called reformation. It was suggested that the transition from stationary to nonstationary quasiperiodic dynamics is related to gradients, e.g. scales of the ramp region and its associated whistler waves that form a precursor wave train. This implies that the ramp region should be considered as the source of these waves. All these questions have been studied making use observations from the Cluster satellites. The Cluster project continues to provide a unique viewpoint from which to study the scales of shocks. During its lifetime the inter-satellite distance between the Cluster satellites has varied from 100 km to 10000 km allowing scientists to use the data best adapted for the given scientific objective.

The purpose of this review is to address a subset of unresolved problems in collisionless shock physics from experimental point of view making use multi-point observations onboard Cluster satellites. The problems we address are determination of scales of fields and of a scale of electron heating, identification of energy source of precursor wave train, an estimate of the role of anomalous resistivity in energy dissipation process by means of measuring short scale wave fields, and direct observation of reformation process during one single shock front crossing.

Keywords

Collisionless shocks Waves in plasmas Nonstationarity Shock scales Plasma heating and acceleration Wave-particle interactions 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

V.K. acknowledges ISSI for supporting team activities of the project High Mach Number Shocks, CNES for financial support of this work through the series of grants Cluster Co-I DWP. V.K. is also grateful to A. Spitkovsky for providing a figure and useful discussions of astrophysical shocks, A. Artemyev for assistance in preparation of the manuscript, and to R.Z. Sagdeev and A.A. Galeev, teachers who supported the interest to this topic for many years. The authors are grateful to A. Balogh for his kind support and encouragement during the compilation of this review. It is also our great pleasure to acknowledge the contribution of all Cluster PI’s whose tireless efforts have provided the scientific community with a readily accessible, high quality, unique data collection without which this work could not have been completed. The authors are grateful to Referee who helped us to improve the manuscript.

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • V. Krasnoselskikh
    • 1
  • M. Balikhin
    • 2
  • S. N. Walker
    • 2
  • S. Schwartz
    • 3
  • D. Sundkvist
    • 4
  • V. Lobzin
    • 5
  • M. Gedalin
    • 6
  • S. D. Bale
    • 4
  • F. Mozer
    • 4
  • J. Soucek
    • 7
  • Y. Hobara
    • 8
  • H. Comisel
    • 9
  1. 1.LPC2ECNRS-University of OrleansOrleansFrance
  2. 2.ACSEUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
  3. 3.Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
  4. 4.Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
  5. 5.School of PhysicsUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
  6. 6.Department of PhysicsBen-Gurion UniversityBeer-ShevaIsrael
  7. 7.Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
  8. 8.Research Center of Space Physics and Radio EngineeringUniversity of Electro-CommunicationsTokyoJapan
  9. 9.Institute for Space SciencesBucharestRomania

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