The Quality of School Life: Teacher-Student Trust Relationships and the Organizational School Context
- 1.9k Downloads
- 23 Citations
Abstract
In exploring the quality of schools’ social system, this study provides insight into in which types of schools students may encounter barriers in developing supportive teacher-student relationships because of teachers exposing low levels of trust in students. Student culture and teachability perceptions are assessed as incentives for teachers’ perceptions of students’ trustworthiness. Information was gathered from 2,104 teachers across a representative sample of 84 secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium). A measure for trust in students was derived from the trust scales developed by Hoy and Tschannen-Moran. Multilevel analyses reveal that teacher perceptions of students’ teachability strongly predict teacher trust. This underscores the importance of teacher perceptions of students’ ability to meet the expectations imposed on them with regard to the formation of trust. Additionally, we show that teacher trust is affected by the organizational school context, although the academic orientation of the student culture plays no role.
Keywords
Trust Teacher Organizational context Teachability Student culture Intergenerational bondingReferences
- Adams, C. M. (2008). Building trust in schools: A review of the empirical evidence. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Improving schools: Studies in leadership and culture (pp. 29–54). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc.Google Scholar
- Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Thompson, M. S. (1987). School performance, status relations, and the structure of sentiment: Bringing the teacher back in. American Sociological Review, 52, 665–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Becker, H. S. (1968). Social-class variations in the teacher-pupil relationship. In R. R. Bell & H. R. Stub (Eds.), The sociology of education: A sourcebook (Revised Edition ed., pp. 155–166). Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
- Bishop, J. H., et al. (2004). Why we harass nerds and freaks: A formal theory of student culture and norms. The Journal of School Health, 74, 235–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Blau, P. (1986). Exchange and power in social life (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Brutsaert, H. (2001). Co-educatie. Studiekansen en kwaliteit van het schoolleven [Coeducation. Educational opportunities and the quality of school life]. Leuven/Apeldoorn, Belgium: Garant.Google Scholar
- Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. (2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
- Bryk, A. S., Lee, V. E., & Holland, P. B. (1993). Catholic schools and the common good. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Cochran-Smith, M., Shakman, K., Terrell, D. G., & McQuillan, P. (2009). Good and just teaching: The case for social justice in teacher education. American Journal of Education, 115, 347–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coleman, J. S. (1961). The adolescent society. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
- Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge (Mass.): Belknap press of Harvard university press.Google Scholar
- Coleman, J. S., & Hoffer, T. (1987). Public and private high schools. The Impact of Communities. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
- Corten, R., & Dronkers, J. (2005). Schoolprestaties van leerlingen uit de lagere strata op openbare, bijzondere en privé-scholen: Een cross-nationale test van de Coleman & Hoffer-these [School performance of pupils from the lower strata in public, special and private schools: A cross-national test of the Coleman and Hoffer thesis]. Pedagogische Studiën, 82, 205–222.Google Scholar
- Croninger, R. G., & Lee, V. E. (2001). Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at-risk students of teachers’ support and guidance. Teachers College Record, 103, 548–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crosnoe, R., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2004a). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student-teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 11, 60–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crosnoe, R., Kirkpatrick, M., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2004b). School size and the interpersonal side of education: An examination of race/ethnicity and organizational context. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 1259–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Driessen, G. (2002). Sociaal-etnische schoolcompositie en onderwijsresultaten: Effecten van positie, concentratie en diversiteit [School social-ethnic composition and achievement: Effects of position, concentration, and diversity]. Pedagogische Studiën, 79, 212–230.Google Scholar
- Ennis, C. D., & McCauley, M. T. (2002). Creating urban classroom communities worthy of trust. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 34, 149–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Portocarero, L. (1979). Intergenerational class mobility in three Western European societies: England, France and Sweden. British Journal of Sociology, 30, 415–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Forsyth, P. B. (2008). The empirical consequences of school trust. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Improving schools: Studies in leadership and culture (pp. 1–28). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc.Google Scholar
- Freeman, D. J., Brookhart, S. M., & Loadman, W. E. (1999). Realities of teaching in racially/ethnically diverse schools: Feedback from entry-level teachers. Urban Education, 34, 89–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gambetta, D. (1988). Can we trust trust. In D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and braking cooperative relations (pp. 213–237). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
- Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: pitfalls in multilevel research. Academy of Management Review, 10, 601–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goddard, R. D., Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. K. (2001). A multilevel examination of the distribution and effects of teacher trust in students and parents in urban elementary schools. Elementary School Journal, 102, 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goddard, R. D., Salloum, S. J., & Berebitsky, D. (2009). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between poverty, racial composition, and academic achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45, 292–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goodenow, C. (1993). Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 21–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hallinan, M. T. (2008). Teacher influences on students’ attachment to school. Sociology of Education, 81, 271–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harvey, D. G., & Slatin, G. T. (1975). The relationship between child’s SES and teacher expectations: A test of the middle-class bias hypothesis. Social Forces, 54, 140–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohavy, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures—A qualitative and quantitative study across 20 cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hoy, W. K., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (1999). Five faces of trust: An empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 9, 184–208.Google Scholar
- Huisman, M. (1999). Imputation of missing item responses: some simple techniques. In M. Huisman (Ed.), Item nonresponse: occurence, causes, and imputation of missing answers to test items (pp. 91–119). Leiden: DSWO press, Leiden University.Google Scholar
- Imber, S. (1973). Relationship of trust to academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 145–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ingersoll, R. M. (2005). The anomaly of educational organizations and the study of organizational control. In L. V. Hedges & B. Schneider (Eds.), The social organization of schooling (pp. 91–110). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
- Kornblau, B. (1982). The teachable pupil survey: A technique for assessing teachers’ perceptions of pupil attributes. Psychology in the Schools, 19, 170–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kramer, R. M., Brewer, M. B., & Hanna, B. A. (1996). Collective trust and collective action: The decision to trust as a social decision. In R. M. Kramer & T. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 357–389). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Lee, V. E. (2000). School size and the organization of secondary schools. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 327–344). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
- Lortie, D. C. (2002). Schoolteacher: A sociological study (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and power. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
- Meier, D. (2002). In schools we trust: Creating communities of learning in an era of testing and standardization. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
- Merton, R. K. (1957). The role-set: Problems in sociological theory. The British Journal of Sociology, 8, 106–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mitra, D. L. (2009). Collaborating with students: Building youth-adult partnerships in schools. American Journal of Education, 115, 407–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Newmann, F. M. (1981). Reducing student alienation in high schools: Implications for theory. Harvard Educational Review, 51, 546–564.Google Scholar
- Nieto, S. (2000). Placing equity front and center: Some thoughts on transforming teacher education for a new century. Journal of Teacher Education, 51, 180–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Opdenakker, M.-C., & Hermans, D. (2006). Allochtonen in en doorheen het onderwijs: cijfers, oorzaken en verklaringen [Foreigners in and through education: figures, causes and explanations]. In S. Sierens, M. Van Houtte, P. Loobuyck, K. Delrue, & K. Pelleriaux (Eds.), Onderwijs onderweg in de immigratiesamenleving [Education on the way in the immigration society] (pp. 33–66). Gent: Academia Press.Google Scholar
- Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students’ need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70, 323–367.Google Scholar
- Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
- Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical lineair models. Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Rousseau, D., Sitkin, S., Burt, R., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404.Google Scholar
- Saft, E. W., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with students: Effects of child age, gender, and ethnicity of teachers and children. School Psychology Quarterly, 16, 125–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sitkin, S., & Roth, N. L. (1993). Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic “remedies” for trust/distrust. Organizational Science, 4, 367–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smyth, J. (2004). Social capital and the ‘socially just school’. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25, 19–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. (1997). A social capital framework for understanding the socialization of racial minority children and youths. Harvard Educational Review, 67, 1–40.Google Scholar
- Stevens, P. A. J. (2007). Exploring the importance of teachers’ institutional structure on the development of teachers’ standards of assessment in Belgium. Sociology of Education, 80, 314–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Talacchi, S. (1960). Organization size, individual attitudes and behavior: An empirical study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 5, 398–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Talbert, J. E., McLaughlin, M. W., & Rowan, B. (1993). Understanding context effects on secondary school teaching. Teachers College Record, 95, 45–68.Google Scholar
- Tan, B. (1998). Blijvende sociale ongelijkheden in het Vlaamse onderwijs [Persistent social inequalities in Flemish education]. Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 19, 169–197.Google Scholar
- Thrupp, M. (1999). Schools making a difference: Let’s be realistic. Buckingham/Philadelphia: Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Thrupp, M., & Lupton, R. (2006). Taking school contexts more seriously: The social justice challenge. British Journal of Educational Studies, 54, 308–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Timmerman, C., Hermans, P., & Hoornaert, J. (2002). Allochtone Jongeren in het Onderwijs. Een Multidisciplinair Perspectief [Allochthonous youngsters in education. A multidisciplinary perspective]. Leuven-Apeldoorn: Garant.Google Scholar
- Tschannen-Moran, M. (2004). Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. K. (2000). A multidisciplinary analysis of the nature, meaning, and measurement of trust. Review of Educational Research, 70, 547–593.Google Scholar
- Van Houtte, M. (2003). Reproductietheorieën getoest. De link tussen SES-compositie van de school en onderwijscultuur van leerkrachten en directie [Reproduction theories tested. The link between SES composition of the school and the academic culture of teachers and administration]. Mens en Maatschappij, 78, 547–593.Google Scholar
- Van Houtte, M. (2004). Gender context of the school and study culture, or how the presence of girls affects the achievement of boys. Educational Studies, 30, 409–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Houtte, M. (2005). Climate or culture? A plea for conceptual clarity in school effectiveness research. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 16, 71–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Houtte, M. (2006). Tracking and teacher satisfaction: role of study culture and trust. Journal of Educational Research, 99, 247–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Houtte, M. (2007). Exploring teacher trust in technical/vocational secondary schools: Male teachers’ preference for girls. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 826–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Houtte, M., Stevens, P., Sels, A., Soens, K., & Van Rossem, R. (2005). De invloed van structurele en compositorische schoolkenmerken op prestaties en welbevinden van leerlingen in het secundair onderwijs: een verklaring via cultuur [The influence of structural and compositional school features on achievement and well-being of secondary school students. An explanation through culture]. (Unpublished report). Ghent, Belgium: Ghent University, Department of Sociology, Research Group on Youth, Education, and Gender.Google Scholar
- Van Maele, D., & Van Houtte, M. (2009). Faculty trust and organizational school characteristics: An exploration across secondary schools in Flanders. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45, 556–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Petegem, K., Aelterman, A., Van Keer, H., & Rosseel, Y. (2008). The influence of student characteristics and interpersonal teacher behaviour in the classroom on student’s wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 85, 279–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Warrington, M., Younger, M., & Williams, J. (2000). Student attitudes, image and the gender gap. British Educational Research Journal, 26, 393–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labour. How working class kids get working class jobs. Hants: Saxon House.Google Scholar
- Zucker, L. G. (1986). Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840–1920. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior 8 (pp. 53–111). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar