Centralization and delegation practices in family versus non-family SMEs: a Rasch analysis
Article
First Online:
Accepted:
- 438 Downloads
- 2 Citations
Abstract
In this paper, we examine differences in centralization and delegation practices of family and non-family firms. Using Aston studies measures, we examine specific types of decisions and the level of authority involved in decision making by owner-managers. We use Rasch analysis to examine the concentration of authority in a sample of 124 small- and medium-sized firms. We find that family firms maintain more centralized decision making and delegate differently than their non-family counterparts. Whereas family firms prioritize centralizing operational issues, non-family firms centralize employment issues more. Our findings have implications for understanding the distinctiveness and professionalization of family firms.
Keywords
Centralization Delegation Family firms Decision making RaschReferences
- Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1301–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 357–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Andrich, D. (2004). Controversy and the Rasch model: A characteristic of incompatible paradigms? Medical Care Supplement: Application of Rasch Analysis in Health Care, 42(1), 17–116.Google Scholar
- Barnett, T., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2006). Are we family and are we treated as family? Nonfamily employees’ perceptions of justice in the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(6), 837–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch model. Fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Chandler, G. N., Keller, C., & Lyon, D. W. (2000). Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation-supportive organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(1), 59–76.Google Scholar
- Chen, W., Lenderking, W., Jin, Y., Wyrwich, K., Gelhor, H., & Revicki, D. (2014). Is Rasch model analysis applicable in small sample size pilot studies for assessing item characteristics? An example using PROMIS pain behavior item bank data. Quality of Life Research, 23(2), 485–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Child, J. (1975). Managerial and organizational factors associated with company performance. Journal of Management Studies, 12(1–2), 12–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chittoor, R., & Das, R. (2007). Professionalization of management and succession performance—A vital linkage. Family Business Review, 20(1), 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Litz, R. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance: An extension and integration. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Litz, R. (2004). Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 335–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P., & Chua, J. H. (2013). The influence of family goals, governance, and resources on firm outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1249–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., & Rau, S. B. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: An introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cosh, A., Fu, X., & Hughes, A. (2012). Organizational structure and innovation performance in different environments. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 301–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1988). The influence of organization structure on the utility of an entrepreneurial top management style. Journal of Management Studies, 25(3), 217–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (1992). Financial performance of founder—Managed versus professionally managed small corporations. Journal of Small Business Management, 30(2), 25–34.Google Scholar
- Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review, 5(2), 117–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Ayala, R. J. (2008). A commentary on historical perspectives on invariant measurement: Guttman, Rasch, and Mokken. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 6(3), 209–212.Google Scholar
- de Kok, J. M. P., Uhlaner, L. M., & Thurik, A. R. (2006). Professional HRM practices in family owned-managed enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(3), 441–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Massis, A., Frattini, F., & Lichtenthaler, U. (2013a). Research on technological innovation in family firms: Present debates and future directions. Family Business Review, 26(1), 10–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Massis, A., Sieger, P., Vismara, S., & Chua, J. H. (2013b). Family firm incumbent’s attitude toward intra-family succession: Antecedents and effects on intentions. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 1–16.Google Scholar
- De Massis, A., Kotlar, J., Chua, J. H., & Chrisman, J. J. (2014). Ability and willingness as sufficiency conditions for family-oriented particularistic behavior: Implications for theory and empirical studies. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 344–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Distelberg, B., & Sorenson, R. L. (2009). Updating systems concepts in family businesses: A focus on values, resource flows, and adaptability. Family Business Review, 22(1), 65–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Duchesneau, D. A., & Gartner, W. B. (1990). A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(5), 297–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dyer, W. G. (1986). Cultural change in family firms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- Dyer, W. G. (2006). Examining the family effect on firm performance. Family Business Review, 19(4), 253–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Engelhard, G., & Wang, J. (2014). Alternate measurement paradigms for measuring executive functions: SEM (formative and reflective models) and IRT (Rasch models). Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 12(3), 102–108.Google Scholar
- Feltham, T. S., Feltham, G., & Barnett, J. J. (2005). The dependence of family business on a single decision maker. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fredrickson, J. W. (1986). The strategic design process and organizational structure. Academy of Management Review, 11(2), 280–297.Google Scholar
- Galbraith, J. R. (1973). Designing complex organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
- Gedaljovic, E., Lubatkin, M. H., & Schulze, W. S. (2004). Crossing the threshold from founder management to professional management: A governance perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 41(5), 899–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., Hampton, M. M., & Landsberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Lifecycles of the family business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
- Gilbert, B. A., McDougall, P. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (2006). New venture growth: A review and extension. Journal of Management, 32(6), 926–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (1985). Proprietorial control in family firms: Some functions of ‘quasi-organic’ management systems. Journal of Management Studies, 22(1), 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. (2001). The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gong, Y., Baker, T., & Miner, A. S. (2006). Capabilities and routines in new organizations. Paper presented at Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference.Google Scholar
- Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 451–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hall, A., Melin, L., & Nordqvist, M. (2001). Entrepreneurship as radical change in the family business: Exploring the role of cultural patterns. Family Business Review, 14(3), 193–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hanks, S. E., Watson, C. J., Jansen, E., & Chandler, G. N. (1993). Tightening the life-cycle construct: A taxonomic study of growth stage configurations in high-technology organizations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(2), 5–29.Google Scholar
- Inkson, J., Pugh, D., & Hickson, D. (1970). Organization, context and structure: An abbreviated replication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(3), 3138–3329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kanter, R. M., North, J., Bernstein, A. P., & Williamson, A. (1990). Engines of progress: Designing and running entrepreneurial vehicles in established companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(6), 415–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kazanjian, R. K., & Drazin, R. (1989). An empirical test of the stage of progression model. Management Science, 35(12), 1489–1503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Klein, S. B., Astrachan, J. H., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2005). The F-PEC scale of family influence: Construction, validation, and further implications for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3), 321–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Landsberg, I. (1999). Succeeding generations: Realizing the dreams of families in business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
- Lawler, E. E. (1996). From the ground up: Six principles for building the new logic corporation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Linacre, J. M. (2002). What do infit and outfit, mean-square and standardized mean? Rasch Measurement Transactions, 16, 878.Google Scholar
- Love, L. G., Priem, R. L., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2002). Explicitly articulated strategy and firm performance under alternative levels of centralization. Journal of Management, 28(5), 611–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meijaard, J., Brand, M. J., & Mosselman, M. (2005). Organizational structure and performance in Dutch small firms. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 83–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2005). Managing for the long run: Lessons in competitive advantage for great family businesses. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
- Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., & Sholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. stagnation: An empirical comparison of small family and non-family businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 51–78.Google Scholar
- Mintzberg, H. (1983). Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
- Morris, M. H., Williamson, R. O., Allen, J. A., & Avila, R. A. (1997). Correlates of success in family business transitions. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nahm, A. Y., Vonderembse, M. A., & Koufteros, X. A. (2003). The impact of organizational structure on time-based manufacturing and plant performance. Journal of Operations Management, 21(3), 281–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Petrillo, J., Cano, S. J., McLeod, L. D., & Coon, C. D. (2015). Using classical test theory, item response theory, and Rasch measurement theory to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures: A comparison of worked examples. Value in Health, 18(1), 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pugh, D. S. (2007). Organization theory: Selected classic readings (5th ed.). London: Penguin.Google Scholar
- Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. R., & Turner, C. (1968). Dimensions of organization structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13(1), 65–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Quinn, R. C., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26(2), 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ram, M. (1994). Managing to survive: Working lives in small firms. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
- Salzberger, T. (2011). The role of the unit in physics and psychometrics’ by Stephen Humphry—One small step for the Rasch model, but possibly one giant leap for measurement in the social sciences. Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 9(1), 59–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schollen, A. Z., Maris, G., & Borsboom, D. (2011). The Emperor’s new measurement model. Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 9(1), 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sciascia, S., & Mazzola, P. (2008). Family involvement in ownership and management: Exploring non-linear effects on performance. Family Business Review, 21(4), 331–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scott, W. R. (2002). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems (5th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
- Smith, R. M. (1996). Polytomous mean-square fit statistics. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 10(3), 516–517.Google Scholar
- Smith, R. M. (1999). Interpreting Winsteps/Bigsteps and FACETS output. Gainesville, FL: JAM Press.Google Scholar
- Smith, E. V. (2002). Understanding Rasch measurement: Detecting and evaluating the impact of multidimensionality using item fit statistics and principal component analysis of residuals. Journal of Applied Measurement, 3(2), 205–231.Google Scholar
- Smith, E. V., Conrad, K. M., Chang, K., & Piazza, J. (2002). An introduction to Rasch measurement for scale development and person development. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(3), 189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sorenson, R. L. (1999). Conflict strategies used by successful family businesses. Family Business Review, 12(4), 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sorenson, R. L. (2000). The contribution of leadership style and practices to family and business success. Family Business Review, 13(3), 183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stewart, A., & Hitt, M. A. (2012). Why can’t a family business be more like a non-family business? Modes of professionalization in family firms. Family Business Review, 25(1), 58–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. A. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9(2), 199–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tsao, C.-W., Chen, S.-J., Lin, C.-S., & Hyde, W. (2009). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: The role of high-performance work systems. Family Business Review, 22(4), 319–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tushman, M. L., & Nadler, D. A. (1978). Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 613–624.Google Scholar
- Van den Berghe, L. A. A., & Carchon, S. (2002). Corporate governance practices in Flemish family firms. Corporate Governance, 10(3), 225–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Welsch, J. H. M. (1993). The impact of family ownership and involvement on the process of management succession. Family Business Review, 6(1), 31–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wright, B. D., & Masters, G. N. (1982). Rating scale analysis. Chicago: Mesa Press.Google Scholar
- Zahra, S. A. (2005). Entrepreneurial risk-taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18(1), 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C., & Salvato, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship in family vs. non-family firms: A resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(4), 363–381.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016