The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics

, Volume 35, Issue 4, pp 385–410 | Cite as

CEO Involvement in Director Selection: Implications for REIT Dividend Policy

Article

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between CEO entrenchment and dividend policy of real estate investment trusts (REITs). We develop an index for CEO entrenchment using CEO tenure and duality and find that this index has significant impact on dividend policy. We further separate our sample into two sub-groups: REITs with and without nomination committees. Our analyses show a strong positive relationship between CEO entrenchment level and dividend payout for REITs without a nomination committee. In REITs with nomination committees, CEO entrenchment has less influence on dividend policy. We conclude that dividend policy serves as a substitution for other governance mechanisms. Further, our results are consistent with the evidence for other US firms—CEO that are more entrenched pay higher dividends to avoid shareholder sanctions and the threat of takeover.

Keywords

CEO involvement Director selection Nomination committee Dividend policy 

References

  1. Almazan, A., & Suarez. J. (2003). Entrenchment and severance pay optimal governance structures. Journal of Finance, 58(2), 519–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Bagwell, L. S. (1991). Share repurchases and takeover deterrence. Rand Journal of Economics, 22, 72–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Bagwell, L. S. (1992). Dutch auction repurchases: An analysis of shareholder heterogeneity. Journal of Finance, 47, 71–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bhagat, S., & Black, B. (2002). The non-correlation between board independence and long-term firm performance. Journal of Corporate Law, 27(2), 231–273.Google Scholar
  5. Black, F. (1976). The dividend puzzle. Journal of Portfolio Management, 2, 58.Google Scholar
  6. Born, J. A., & Rimbey, J. N. (1993). A test of the easterbrook hypothesis regarding dividend payments and agency costs. Journal of Financial Research, 16(3), 251–260.Google Scholar
  7. Bradley, M., Copozza, D. R., & Seguin, P. J. (1998). Dividend policy and cash-flow uncertainty. Real Estate Economics, 26(4), 555–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Campbell, R., Ghosh, C.. & Sirmans, C. F. (2001). The information content of method of payment in mergers: Evidence from real estate investment trusts (REITs). Real Estate Economics, 29(3), 361–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Dewenter, K. L., & Warther, V. A. (1998). Dividends, asymmetric information, and agency conflicts: Evidence from a comparison of the dividend policies of Japanese and U.S. firms. Journal of Finance, 53(3), 879–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Dittmar, A., & Mahrt-Smith, J. (2007). Corporate governance and the value of cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 83(3), 599–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Doidge, C., Karolyi, G. A., & Stulz, R. M. (2004). Why do countries matter so much for corporate governance. Working paper (http://ssrn.com/abstract=580883, www.ecgi.org/wp).
  12. Downs, D. H., Guner, Z. N., & Patterson, G. A. (2000). Capital distribution policy and information asymmetry: A real estate market perspective. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 21(3), 235–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. EasterBrook, F. (1984). Two agency-cost explanations of dividends. American Economic Review, 74, 650–659.Google Scholar
  14. Faleye, O. (2004). Cash and corporate control. Journal of Finance, 59, 2041–2060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Feng Z., Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2005). How important is the board of directors to REIT performance? Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 11(3), 281–293.Google Scholar
  16. Feng, Z., Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2007). Director compesation and CEO bargaining power in REITs. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, forthcoming.Google Scholar
  17. Gentry, W. M., Kemsley, D., & Mayer, C. J. (2003). Dividend taxes and share prices: Evidence from real estate investment trusts. Journal of Finance, 58(1), 261–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Gerety, M., Hoi, C.-K., & Robin, A. (2001). Do shareholders benefit from the adoption of incentive pay for directors? Financial Management, 30(4), 45–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2003). Board independence, ownership structure and performance in real estate investment trusts. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 26, 287–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2005). On REIT CEO compensation: Does board structure matter? Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 30, 397–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2006). Do managerial motives impact dividend decisions in REITs? Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 32, 327–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Han, B. (2006). Insider ownership and firm value: Evidence from real estate investment trusts. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 32(4), 471–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Harford, J. (1999). Corporate cash reserves and acquisitions. Journal of Finance, 54, 1969–1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Harford, J, Mansi, S. A., & Maxwell, W. F. (2006). Corporate governance and firm cash holdings. working paper. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.Google Scholar
  25. Hartzell, J. C., Sun, L., & Titman, S. (2005). The effect of corporate governance on investment: Evidence from real estate investment trusts. Real Estate Economics, 34(3), 343–376.Google Scholar
  26. Hermalin, B., & Weisbach, M. (1998). Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. American Economic Review, 99, 96–118.Google Scholar
  27. Hu, A., & Kumar, P. (2004). Managerial entrenchment and payout policy. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 39(4), 759–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency cost of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. American Economic Review, 76, 323–329.Google Scholar
  29. John, K., & Knyazeva, A. (2006). Payout policy, agency conflicts, and corporate governance. working paper. New York: New York University.Google Scholar
  30. Kallberg, J. G., Liu, C. H., & Srinivasan, A. (2003). Dividend pricing models and REITs. Real Estate Economics, 31(3), 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Knoeber, C. R. (1986). Golden parachutes, shark repellents, and hostile tender offers. American Economic Review, 76(1), 155–167.Google Scholar
  32. La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. Shleifer, A., & Vishney, R. W. (2000). Agency problems and dividend policies around the world. Journal of Finance, 55(1), 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. McDonald, C. G., Nixon, T. D., & Slawson, V. C., Jr. (2000). The changing asymmetric information component of REIT spreads: A study of anticipated announcements. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 20(2), 195–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Officer, M. S. (2006). Dividend policy, dividend initiations, and governance. Working paper, Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California.Google Scholar
  35. Pan, C. H. (2006). Why are firms with entrenched managers more likely to pay dividends. Working paper, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.Google Scholar
  36. Pennathur, A. K., Gilley, O. W., & Shelor, R. M. (2005). An analysis of REIT CEO stock-based compensation. Real Estate Economics, 33(1), 189–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Pinkowitz, L. (2002). The market for corporate control and corporate cash holdings. Working paper, Washington, DC: Georgetown University.Google Scholar
  38. Rozeff, M. S. (1982). Growth, beta and agency costs as determinants of dividend payout ratios. Journal of Financial Research, 3, 249–259.Google Scholar
  39. RuiGrok, W., Peck, S., Tacheva, S., Greve, P., & Hu, Y. (2006). The determinants and effects of board nomination committees. Journal of Management Governance, 10, 119–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Shivdasani, A., & Yermack, D. (1999). CEO involvement in the selection of new board members: An empirical analysis. Journal of Finance, 54(5), 1829–1853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Stein, J. (1988). Takeover threats and managerial myopia. Journal of Political Economy, 96(1), 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Stulz, R. M. (1988). Managerial control of voting rights: Financing policies and the market for corporate control. Journal of Financial Economics, 20, 25–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Vafeas, N. (1999). The nature of board nominating committees and their role in corporate governance. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 26(1 & 2), 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Wang, K., Erickson, J., & Gau, G. W. (1993). Dividend policies and dividend announcement effects for real estate investment trusts. Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, 21(2), 185–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Yermack, D. (1996). Higher market valuation for firms with a small board of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 185–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Zwiebel, J. (1996). Dynamic capital structure under managerial entrenchment. American Economic Review, 86, 1197–1215.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of ManagementUnion Graduate CollegeSchenectadyUSA
  2. 2.Center for Real Estate and Urban Economic Studies, School of BusinessUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsUSA

Personalised recommendations