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Reading and Writing

, Volume 30, Issue 6, pp 1361–1375 | Cite as

Reading fluency from grade 2–6: a longitudinal examination

  • Orly Lipka
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The goal of this study was to examine oral word reading fluency from a developmental perspective in a longitudinal study of students from second grade to sixth grade. The sample was consisted of native English speaking students that took part in a large longitudinal study. Participants were assessed on cognitive and literacy measures such as working memory, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and syntactic awareness—oral cloze. Two main research questions were examined: first, what relationships will be found between the cognitive, literacy and linguistic measures, and which of them simultaneously predict oral reading fluency, in each age group? And second, which cognitive and literacy measures in second grade predict word reading fluency in sixth grade? Results show that cognitive and literacy measures contribute differently to word reading fluency skill across the different grades, while the only strong predictor across all age groups, was the phonological awareness. Finally, taking together past and previous findings, a proposed definition of fluency from a developmental perspective is suggested, based on the results of the study that show in a clear manner, that reading fluency, its contributors and its predictors, change respectively to the reading phase obtained in each grade.

Keywords

Word reading fluency Longitudinal study Developmental perspective 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to Linda S. Siegel. The author would like to thank the principals, teachers, and students of the North Vancouver School District for their support and participation in this study. The author would like to thank Linda Siegel for granting access to the data base as well as her ongoing support.

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Learning Disabilities, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning DisabilitiesUniversity of HaifaMount CarmelIsrael

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