Abstract
Problematic gaming has emerged as a contemporary concern, leading to the introduction of the diagnostic term ‘Internet Gaming Disorder’ (IGD; American Psychiatric Association). The present study aims to empirically assess the association between inattention and IGD, in the light of variable levels of vertical-individualism that reflects cultural inclinations towards independence, competitiveness, and hierarchy. The participants (N = 1032) comprised a normative cohort of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) gamers (Mage = 24 years; 48.7% male). IGD was measured with the nine-item short-form IGD Scale (IGD9-SF), inattention with the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale, and vertical individualism with the Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire. Complex hierarchical and moderated regressions were employed. Findings demonstrated an association between IGD and inattention, and additionally showed that this association was exacerbated by a more vertically-individualistic cultural orientation without significant gender differences. The need of differentially addressing IGD risk among inattentive gamers of diverse cultural orientation is highlighted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stavropoulos V, Adams BLM, Beard CL, Dumble E, Trawley S, Gomez R, Pontes HM. Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity and internet gaming disorder symptoms: is there consistency across types of symptoms, gender and countries? Addict Behav Rep. 2019a;9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.10015.
Stavropoulos V, Anderson EE, Beard C, Latifi MQ, Kuss D, Griffiths M. A preliminary cross-cultural study of Hikkikomori and internet gaming disorder: the moderating effects of game-playing time and living with parents. Addict Behav Rep. 2019b;9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.10.001.
Imbellone A, Marinensi G, Medaglia CM. Empirical evidence of the game-based learning advantages for online students persistence. Eur Alliance Innov. 2015;1(4):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4108/sg.1.4.e5.
Subrahmanyam K, Greenfield P. Effect of videogame practice on spatial skills in boys and girls. J Appl Dev Psychol. 1994;15:13–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9925-5.
Griffiths M. The educational benefits of videogames. Educ Health. 2002;20(3):47–51.
Wood RTA, Griffiths MD, Chappell D, Davies MNO. The structural characteristics of video games: a psycho-structural analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820057.
De Freitas S, Griffiths MD. Online gaming as an educational tool in learning and training. Br J Educ Technol. 2007;38:536–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00720.x.
Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Ortiz de Gortari A. Videogames as therapy: an updated selective review of the medical and psychological literature. Int J Privacy Health Inf Manag. 2017;5(2):71–96. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJPHIM.2017070105.
Carnagey ML, Anderson CA. The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychol Sci. 2005;16(11):882–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01632.x.
Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, Khoo A. Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2010;127(2):e319–29. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1333.
Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Internet gaming addiction: a systematic review of empirical research. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2012;10(2):278–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5.
American Psychiatry Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
World Health Organization. International classification of diseases. 11th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
Blaszczynski A. Internet use: in search of an addiction. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2006;4:7–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/d11469-006-9002-3.
Király O, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5: conceptualization, debates, and controversies. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(3):254–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s4029-015-0066-7.
Wood RTA. The problem with the concept of video game “addiction”: some case examples. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2008;6:169–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9118-0.
Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, van Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, et al. How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction. 2017;112(10):1709–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763.
Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:137–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006.
Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Pontes HM. Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of internet gaming disorder: issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. J Behav Addict. 2017;6:103–9. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.062.
Griffiths M, Pontes HM. Internet addiction disorder and internet gaming disorder are not the same. Addict Res Ther. 2014;5(4) https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105-1000e124.
Stavropoulos V, Beard C, Griffiths MD, Buleigh T, Gomez R, Pontes HM. Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale–short-form (IGDS9-SF) between Australia, the USA, and the UK. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2018a;16(2):377–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9786-3.
Adams B, Stavropoulos V, Burleigh T, Liew L, Beard C, Griffiths M. Internet gaming disorder behaviors in emergent adulthood: a pilot study examining the interplay between anxiety and family cohesion. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2018:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9873-0.
Burleigh TL, Stavropoulos V, Liew LW, Adams BL, Griffiths MD. Depression, internet gaming disorder, and the moderating effect of the gamer-avatar relationship: an exploratory longitudinal study. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2018;16(1):102–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9806-3.
Liew LW, Stavropoulos V, Adams BL, Burleigh TL, Griffiths MD. Internet gaming disorder: the interplay between physical activity and user-avatar relationship. Behav Inform Technol. 2018;37:558–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1464599.
Ohannessian C, Vannucci A, Flannery K, Khan S. Social media use and substance use during emerging adulthood. Emerg Adulthood. 2017;5(5):364–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816685232.
Stavropoulos V, Griffiths MD, Burleigh TL, Kuss DJ, Doh YY, Gomez R. Flow on the internet: a longitudinal study of internet addiction during adolescence. Behav Inform Technol. 2018b;37(2):159–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1424937.
Haghbin M, Shaterian F, Hosseinzadeh D, Griffiths MD. A brief report on the relationship between self-control, video game addiction and academic achievement in normal and ADHD students in Iran. J Behav Addict. 2013;2:239–43. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.7.
Han DH, Kim WM, Bae S, Renshaw PF, Anderson JS. Brain connectivity and psychiatric comorbidity in adolescents with internet gaming disorder. Addict Biol. 2015;22(3):802–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12347.
Paulus FW, Sinzig J, Mayer H, Weber M, Gontard. Computer gaming disorder and ADHD in young children – a population-based study. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2018;16(5):1193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9841-0.
Yen J-Y, Liu T-L, Wang P-W, Chen C-S, Yen C-F, Ko C-H. Association between internet gaming disorder and adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and their correlates: impulsivity and hostility. Addict Behav. 2017;64:308–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.024.
Yen J-Y, Yen C-F, Chen C-S, Tang T-C, Ko C-H. The association between adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction among college students: the gender difference. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2009;12(2):187–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0113.
Bioulac S, Arfi L, Bouvard MP. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: A comparative study of hyperactive and control children. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(2):134–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.11.002.
Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming. Comput Hum Behav. 2011;27(1):144–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015.
Antrop I, Roeyers H, Oost PV, Buysse A. Stimulation seeking and hyperactivity in children with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2000;41(2):225–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963099005302.
Park JH, Hong JS, Han DH, Min KJ, Lee YS, Kee BS, Kim SM. Comparison of QEEG finding between adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without comorbidity and ADHD comorbid with internet gaming disorder. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(3):514–21. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.514.
Pearcy B, McEvoy A, Roberts L. Internet gaming disorder explains unique variance in psychological distress and disability after controlling for comorbid depression, OCD, ADHD and anxiety. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2017;20(2):126–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0304.
Pontes HM, Stavropoulos V, Griffiths MD. Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale–short-form (IGDS9-SF) between the United States of America, India and the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res. 2017;257:472–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.013.
Mackinnon SP, Couture ME, Cooper ML, Kuntsche E, O'connor RM, Stewart SH, Team DRINC. Cross-cultural comparisons of drinking motives in 10 countries: data from the DRINC project. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017;36(6):721–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12464.
Rolando S, Katainen A. Images of alcoholism among adolescents in individualistic and collectivistic geographies. Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;31(2):189–206. https://doi.org/10.2478/nsad-2014-0015.
Lee YH, Wohn DY. Are there cultural differences in how we play? Examining cultural effects on playing social network games. Comput Hum Behav. 2012;28(4):1307–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.014.
Singelis TM, Triandis HC, Bhawuk PS, Gelfand MJ. Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cult Res. 1995;29(3):240–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719502900302.
Weiser EB. Gender differences in internet use patterns and internet application preferences: a two-sample comparison. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2000;3(2):167–78. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493100316012.
Anderson EL, Steen E, Stavropoulos V. Internet use and problematic internet use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. Int J Longitudinal Res Trends Adolesc Emergent Adulthood. 2017;22(4):430–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716.
Griffiths MD, Nuyens F. An overview of structural characteristics in problematic videogame playing. Curr Addict Rep. 2017;4:272–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0162-y.
Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006;9(6):772–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772.
Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033.
Sue DW, Sue D, Neville HA, Smith L. Counseling the culturally diverse: theory and practice. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
Griffiths MD. The use of online methodologies in data collection for gambling and gaming addictions. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2010;8:8–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9209-1.
Zhang X, Kuchinke L, Woud ML, Velten J, Margraf J. Survey method matters: online/offline questionnaires and face-to-face or telephone interviews differ. Comput Hum Behav. 2017;71:172–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.006.
Pettit FA. A comparison of world-wide web and paper-and-pencil personality questionnaires. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2002;34(1):50–4. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195423.
Hill R. What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research. Interpersonal Comput Technol. 1998;6(3–4):1–10.
Triandis HC, Gelfland MJ. Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74:118–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.118.
Kessler R, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Fareone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE. The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35:245–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002892.
Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12050.
Fisher NI, Hall P. On bootstrap hypothesis testing. Aust J Stat. 1990;32(2):177–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.1990.tb01011.x.
Mazurek MO, Engelhardt CR. Video game use in boys with autism Spectrum disorder, ADHD, or typical development. Pediatrics. 2013;132:260–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3956.
Evren B, Evren C, Dalbudak E, Topcu M, Kutlu N. Neuroticism and introversion mediates the relationship between probable ADHD and symptoms of internet gaming disorder: results of an online survey. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;29(1):90–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2018.1490095.
Stockdale L, Coyne SM. Video game addiction in emerging adulthood: cross-sectional evidence of pathology in video game addicts as compared to matched healthy controls. J Affect Disord. 2018;225(1):265–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.045.
Peeters M, Koning I, Eijnden R. Predicting internet gaming disorder in young adolescents: a one-year follow-up study. Comput Hum Behav. 2018;80:255–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.008.
Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins; 1990.
Hu E, Stavropoulos V, Anderson A, Scerri M, Collard J. Internet gaming disorder: feeling the flow of social games. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.10.004.
Triandis H. The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. Am Psychol. 1996;51(4):407–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.4.407.
Arpaci I, Kesici S, Baloglu M. Individualism and internet addiction: the mediating role of psychological needs. Emerald Insight. 2017;28(2):293–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-11-2016-0353.
Stetina BU, Kothgassner OD, Lehenbauer M, Kryspin-Exner I. Beyond the fascination of online-games: probing addictive behaviour and depression in the world of online-gaming. Comput Hum Behav. 2011;27:473–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.09.015.
Müller KW, Janikian M, Dreier M, Wölfling K, Beutel ME, Tzavara C, Richardson C, Tsitsika A. Regular gaming behaviour and internet gaming disorder in European adolescents: results from a cross-national representative survey of prevalence, predictors, and psychopathological correlates. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24:565–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0611-2.
Yen J-Y, Ko C-H, Yen C-F, Wu H-Y, Yang M-J. The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41(1):92–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002.
McLean L, Griffiths MD. Female gamers’ experience of online harassment and social support in online gaming: a qualitative study. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2019;17(4):970–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9962-0.
Griffiths MD. Are computer games bad for children? Psychol: Bull Br Psycholog Soc. 1993;6:401–7.
McLean L, Griffiths MD. Female gamers: a thematic analysis of their gaming experience. Int J Games-Based Learn. 2013;3(3):54–71. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.2013070105.
Gomez R, Stavropoulos V, Vance A, Griffiths MD. Re-evaluation of the latent structure of common childhood disorders: is there a general psychopathology factor (p-factor)? Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2019;17(2):258–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0017-3.
Pieterse JN. Globalization and culture: global mélange. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
VS: contributed to the literature review, hypotheses formulation, data collection and analyses, and the structure and sequence of theoretical arguments. Contact: vasilisstavropoylos80@gmail.com
KB contributed to the literature review, hypotheses formulation, data collection and analyses, and the structure and sequence of theoretical arguments. Contact: kyi-lyn@hotmail.com
DO contributed to the data collection and analyses. Contact: dominicofarrell@gmail.com
RG contributed to the theoretical consolidation of the current work and revised and edited the final manuscript. Contact: Rapson.Gomez@Federation.edu.au
AM contributed to the theoretical consolidation of the current work and revised and edited the final manuscript. Contact: Mueler.Astrid@mh-hannover.de
MY contributed to the theoretical consolidation of the current work and revised and edited the final manuscript. Contact: mura.yucel@monash.edu
MG contributed to the theoretical consolidation of the current work and revised and edited the final manuscript. Contact: mark.griffiths@ntu.ac.uk
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors of the present study do not report any conflict of interest.
Ethical Standards – Animal Rights
All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Confirmation Statement
Authors confirm that this paper has not been either previously published or submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere.
Copyright
Authors assign copyright or license the publication rights in the present article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stavropoulos, V., Baynes, K.L., O’Farrel, D.L. et al. Inattention and Disordered Gaming: Does Culture Matter?. Psychiatr Q 91, 333–348 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09702-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09702-8