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Prevention Science

, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp 21–29 | Cite as

Preventive Effect Heterogeneity: Causal Inference in Personalized Prevention

  • George W. HoweEmail author
Article
First Online:

Abstract

This paper employs a causal inference framework to explore two logically distinct forms of preventive effect heterogeneity relevant for studying variation in preventive effect as a basis for developing more personalized interventions. Following VanderWeele (2015), I begin with a discussion of causal interaction involving manipulable moderators that combine to yield more complex nonadditive effects. This is contrasted with effect heterogeneity, which involves variation in causal structure indexed by stable characteristics of populations or contexts. The paper then discusses one particularly promising approach, the baseline target moderated mediation (BTMM) design, which uses theoretically informed baseline target moderators to strengthen causal inference, suggesting methods for using BTMM designs to develop targeting strategies for personalized prevention. It presents examples of recent intervention trials that apply these different forms of moderation, and discusses causal inference and the problem of moderation confounding, reviewing methods for minimizing its impact, including recent advances in the use of propensity score matching.

Keywords

Research design Causal inference Personalized prevention Moderation 
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Notes

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Funding

This manuscript was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health grant number R01-MH040859.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The manuscript does not report any empirical findings; no study was conducted requiring ethical approval.

Informed Consent

The manuscript does not report any empirical findings; no study was conducted requiring informed consent.

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Copyright information

© Society for Prevention Research 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of PsychologyGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonUSA

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