The Online Citizen: Is Social Media Changing Citizens’ Beliefs About Democratic Values?
Abstract
Social media websites are rapidly changing the way that Americans live and communicate with one another. Social media sites encourage individuals to constantly share information about one’s self (and constantly seek information about others) that would have been private in the past. This experience can alter how an individual views the world in ways that political scientists have not been able to fully capture. In a cross-sectional survey of the American public I find a strong correlation between the use of Facebook and personal blogs and support for civil liberties. Individuals who spend more time self-publicizing on the Internet seem to value freedom of expression more, but also value the right to privacy less than individuals who use social media less often. This pattern suggests that technology may be altering American attitudes on basic democratic values and highlights the need for dynamic research designs that account for the causal effect Internet use may have on individual political development.
Keywords
Political psychology Democratic values Online socializationNotes
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers as well as the editors for their comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Jessie Swigger, Michael Neblo and William Minozzi for their encouragement and insight. Any remaining errors are my own.
Supplementary material
References
- Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boyd, D., & Marwick, A. E. (2011). Social privacy in networked publics: Teens’ attitudes, practices and strategies. From A decade in Internet time: Symposium on the dynamics of the Internet and society. Retrieved SSRN from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1925128.
- Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2004). Civil liberties vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A., & Hughes, B. N. (2009). Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 83–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). Gen.com: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment. Political Communication, 17, 341–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (2003). The Internet and an informed citizenry. In D. M. Anderson & M. Cornfield (Eds.), The civic web: Online politics and democratic values (pp. 129–153). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fowler, J. H., & Kam, C. D. (2007). Beyond the self: Social identity, altruism and political participation. Journal of Politics, 69(3), 813–827.Google Scholar
- Gaines, B. J., & Mondak, J. J. (2009). Typing together? Clustering of ideological types in online social networks. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6, 216–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, A. S., Huber, G., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010). Personality and political attitudes: Relationships across issue domains and political contexts. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 111–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Godwin, R. K., Godwin, J. W., & Marinez-Ebers, V. (2004). Civic socialization in public and fundamentalist schools. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5), 1097–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Green, D., & Gerber, A. (2001). Do phone calls increase voter turnout? A field experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gueorguieva, V. (2006). Voters, MySpace, and Youtube: The impact of alternative communication channels on the 2006 election cycle and beyond. Social Science Computer Review, 26(3), 288–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harell, A. (2010). Political tolerance, racist speech, and the influence of social networks. Social Science Quarterly, 91(3), 724–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hibbing, M. V., Ritchie, M., & Anderson, M. R. (2011). Personality and political discussion. Political Behavior, 33, 601–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 593–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jennings, M. K., & Zeitner, V. (2003). Internet use and civic engagement: A longitudinal analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 311–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kalish, Y., & Robins, G. (2006). Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure. Social Networks, 28, 56–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. Jomini. (2006). Connections between Internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 173–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kittilson, M. C., & Dalton, R. J. (2011). Virtual civil society: The new frontier of social capital? Political Behavior, 33, 625–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of Internet use on college students’ political efficacy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 415–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lindner, N. M., & Nosek, B. (2009). Alienable speech: Ideological variations in the application of free speech principles. Political Psychology, 30(1), 67–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lupia, A., & Philpot, T. S. (2005). Views from inside the Net: How websites affect young adults’ political interest. Journal of Politics, 67, 1122–1142.Google Scholar
- Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Theiss-Morse, E., & Wood, S. L. (1995). With malice toward some: How people make civil liberties judgments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16, 315–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mutz, D. C. (2002a). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 838–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mutz, D. C. (2002b). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(2), 111–126.Google Scholar
- Pattie, C. J., & Johnston, R. J. (2008). It’s good to talk: Talk, disagreement and tolerance. British Journal of Political Science, 38, 677–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peffley, M., Knigge, P., & Hurowitz, J. (2001). A multiple values model of political tolerance. Political Research Quarterly, 54(2), 379–406.Google Scholar
- Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2008). College students social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Raynes-Goldie, K. (2010). Aliases, creeping and wall cleaning: Understanding privacy in the age of Facebook. First Monday, 15(1-4).Google Scholar
- Sigel, D. A. (2009). Social networks and collective action. Journal of Politics, 53(1), 122–138.Google Scholar
- Sniderman, P. M., Fletcher, J. F., Russell, P. H., & Tetlock, P. E. (1996). The clash of rights: Liberty, equality, and legitimacy in pluralist democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Sunstein, C. (2008a). Democracy and the Internet. In Jeroen. van der Hoeven & John. Weckert (Eds.), Information technology and moral philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Sunstein, C. (2008b). Neither Hayak nor Habermas. Public Choice, 134, 87–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., Lampe, C. (2010). It’s complicated: Facebook users’ political participation in the 2008 election. CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. Google Scholar
- Wojcieszak, M. E., & Mutz, D. C. (2009). Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Journal of Communication, 59(1), 40–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar