Plant and Soil

, Volume 396, Issue 1–2, pp 45–57 | Cite as

Interactive impacts of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) on the bioavailability of calcium phosphates

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Abstract

Background and aims

The positive interactive impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on increasing calcium phosphate availability, AM hyphal contribution to maize (Zea mays L.) P uptake and utilization efficiency of calcium phosphate-P by maize were studied in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil (non-phosphorus active soil).

Methods

Treatments included maize plants inoculated vs. not inoculated with AM fungi and treated with or without earthworms. Root colonization, maize shoot and root biomass, shoot and root N, P, K contents, soil available P, soil microbial biomass P, available P, and the Shannon-Wiener index (H) for the bacterial communities from T-RFLP profiles were measured at harvest.

Results

The results indicated that mycorrhizal colonization increased markedly in maize inoculated with AM fungi, which was further enhanced by the addition of earthworms. Earthworms decreased the soil pH and increased available soil P and soil microbial biomass P, as well as the abundance of Flavobacteriaceae and Betaproteobacteria. The addition of AM fungi to soils promoted soil bacterial diversity and soil microbial biomass P. The earthworm and AM fungi interaction increased maize shoot and root N, P, and K contents and shoot and root biomass, as well as enhanced the microbial biomass P and utilization efficiency of calcium phosphate-P (Ca-P), leading to greater nutrient uptake and AM hyphal contribution to plant P uptake.

Conclusions

Earthworms and AM fungi could interactively promote maize to absorb the free phosphate ions released from calcium phosphate.

Keywords

Mycorrhizal colonization Soil bacterial diversity Microbial biomass P T-RFLP 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects 31172037), Innovative Group Grant of the National Science Foundation of China (31421092), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2015CB150405) and the Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (2013BAD05B03). We also acknowledge Dr. Zhenjun Sun and Dr. Xiaolin Li in China Agricultural University for laboratory assistance.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The authors have read the current Instructions to Authors and understand Plant and Soil’s full Conflict of Interest Policy.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.College of Resources and Environmental SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
  2. 2.China Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic FarmingBeijingChina
  3. 3.Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOEBeijingChina

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