An Oral Adsorbent, AST-120 Protects Against the Progression of Oxidative Stress by Reducing the Accumulation of Indoxyl Sulfate in the Systemic Circulation in Renal Failure
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Abstract
Purpose
The effect of AST-120, an oral adsorbent, on oxidative stress in the systemic circulation in chronic renal failure (CRF) was examined and the potential role of indoxyl sulfate (IS), an uremic toxin adsorbed by AST-120, in inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular system was studied, in vitro and in vivo.
Materials and methods
The level of oxidized albumin, a marker for oxidative stress in the systemic circulation was determined by HPLC, as previously reported. The mRNA levels of TGF-β 1 and Oat1 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The IS induced ROS generation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was estimated using a fluorescence microplate reader.
Results
An increase in the ratio of oxidized to unoxidized albumin was determined using 5/6 nephrectomized rats (CRF rats) compared to a control group. The ratio was significantly reduced in the group that received AST-120 of 4 weeks, suggesting that AST-120 inhibits oxidative stress in CRF. An anti-oxidative effect of AST-120 was also observed in CRF rats with a similar renal function. The ratio of oxidized albumin was correlated with serum IS levels in vivo. The same relationship was also observed in CRF rats with the continued administration of IS. In addition, IS dramatically increased the generation of ROS in both a dose- and time- dependent manner in HUVEC, suggesting that accumulated IS may play an important role in enhancing intravascular oxidative stress.
Conclusion
We propose that AST-120 reduces IS concentrations in the blood that induces ROS production in endothelial cells, thereby inhibiting the subsequent occurrence of oxidative stress in the systemic circulation in renal failure.
Key words
albumin oxidation AST-120 chronic renal failure indoxyl sulfateAbbreviations
- CRF
chronic renal failure
- CVD
cardiovascular disease
- HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography
- HSA
human serum albumin
- HUVEC
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- IS
indoxyl sulfate
- OAT
organic anion transporter
- ROS
reactive oxygen spiecies
- TGF-β1
transforming growth factor-β 1
- TIMP-1
tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinease
Notes
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the KUREHA CORPORATION (Tokyo, Japan) for the generous gift of AST-120.
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