Oxidation of Metals

, Volume 69, Issue 1–2, pp 13–36 | Cite as

High Temperature Corrosion of Cast Alloys in Exhaust Environments I-Ductile Cast Irons

Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Revised:

Abstract

The oxidation behavior of two ductile cast irons was investigated in synthetic diesel and gasoline exhaust gases. The alloys were a SiMo (Fe3.86Si0.6Mo3C) and a Ni-Resist (Fe32Ni5.3Si2.1C). Polished sections were exposed at temperatures between 650 and 1,050 °C, mostly for 50 h. The oxidation product was characterized by means of SEM/EDX, AES, XPS and XRD. Iron oxides nodules formed above a continuous layer of Fe–Si-oxide for SiMo. The alloy failed in forming a continuous silica layer at low temperatures. At 850 °C and above silica was formed, but austenite formation enhanced the decarburization. Escaping CO/CO2 increased the oxide porosity, and consequently the oxidation rate. The oxidation resistance of Ni-Resist was dependent on Cr assisting the formation of SiO2. However, this effect was restrained to cell boundaries in particular when water enhanced the Cr evaporation or the diffusion was slow at low temperatures. Then, the rapid oxidation left metallic Ni particles in the inner oxide.

Keywords

High temperature corrosion Gas mixtures Cast iron SiMo Ni-Resist 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was done within the Swedish competence centre for High Temperature Corrosion. The authors acknowledge Volvo Truck Corporation for financial support and in particular U. Boman for valuable co-operation. Synthetic exhaust gas exposures were done at Volvo Technology Corporation.

References

  1. 1.
    F. Tholence and M. Norell, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 197 (2001).Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    W. Fairhurst and K. Röhrig, Foundry Trade Journal 146, 657 (1979).Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    K. Röhrig, in Proceedings of the conf. on Castings for the Chemical Process Industry, Saint-Etienne, France, (Bulletin du Cercle d’Etudes des Metaux (France), 1993) p. 9.1Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Nickel as an Alloy in Cast Iron. Current information report, ed. American Foundrymen’s Society, Golf & Wolf Rd. Des Plaines, III. 60016 (1978), p. 29Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    D. L. Torkington, Metal Progress 119, 38 (1981).Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    P. Bastid, E. Andrieu, C. Grente, M. Ortiz, and E. Marconnet, Ingénieurs de l’automobile 686, 43 (1994).Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    High Temperature Materials for Exhaust Manifolds. SAE (1999), SAE Standards Report no. J2515.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    D. Li, R. Perrin, G. Burger, D. McFarlan, B. Black, R. Logan, and R. Williams, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2004–01–0792 (2004).Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    S. H. Park, J. M. Kim, H. J. Kim, S. J. Ko, H. S. Park, and J. D. Lim, SAE Technical Paper Series, SAE 2005–01–1688 (2005).Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    C. Pelhan, Giessereiforschung 25, 73 (1973).Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    A. Rahmel, Nickel-Berichte 25, 1 (1967).Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    C. Pehlan, in Proceedings of 2nd Internat. Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron (1976), p. 841.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    C. Pelhan and J. Lamut, Fonderia Ital. 9–10, 73 (1983).Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    H. D. Merchant, in Proceedings of a seminar on Recent Research on Cast Iron, Detroit, USA (Gordon & Breach, New York, 16–18 June 1964), p. 793.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    H. D. Merchant, Oxidation of Metals 2, 145 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    F. Tholence and M. Norell, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 66, 530 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    J. A. Nelson, in Metals Handbook, Cast Irons, 9th edn. (ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, 1985), p. 242.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    R. Boeri and F. Weinberg, Transactions of the American Foundrymen’s Society 97, 179 (1989).Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    N. K. Datta and N. N. Engel, Transactions of American Foundrymen’s Society 84, 431 (1976).Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    P. C. Liu and C. R. Loper Jr., Transactions of the American Foundrymen’s Society 89, 131 (1981).Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    B. Sundman, B. Jansson, and J. O. Andersson, Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry 9, 153 (1985).Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    F. Tholence and M. Norell, Surface and Interface Analysis 34, 535 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    A. Järdnäs, J.-E. Svensson, and L.-G. Johansson, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 173 (2001).Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    V. Lanteri, D. Huin, P. Drillet, D. Bouleau, P. Henry, and H. Gaye, in Microscopy of Oxidation 3, Cambridge (The Institute of Metals, London, 1996), p. 535.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    I. Barin, Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances (VCH Verschlagsgesellschaft mbH. Weinheim, 1993).Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    A. Atkinson, Corrosion Science 22, 87 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    I. Svedung and N.-G. Vannerberg, Corrosion Science 14, 391 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    F. Gesmundo and F. Viani, Oxidation of Metals 25, 269 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    I. C. H. Hughes, B.C.I.R.A. Journal 8, 7 (1960).Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    R. J. Maitland and I. C. H. Hughes, B.C.I.R.A. Journal 7, 203 (1958).Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    R. Durham, J. Lacaze, D. Monceau, and B. Pieraggi, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 181 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    C. W. Tuck, Corrosion Science 5, 631 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    K. Hauffe, in DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Hot Oxidizing Gases (VCH Publishers, New York, 1989), p. 77.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    T. Ban, K. Bohnenkamp, and H. J. Engell, Corrosion Science 19, 283 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    M. J. Brabers and C. E. Birchenall, Corrosion 14, 179t (1958).Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    J. Robertson and M. I. Manning, Materials Science and Technology 5, 741 (1989).Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    C. Wagner, Corrosion Science 5, 751 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    H. Asteman, J.-E. Svensson, L.-G. Johansson, and M. Norell, Oxidation of Metals 52, 95 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    H. Asteman, J.-E. Svensson, M. Norell, and L.-G. Johansson, Oxidation of Metals 54, 11 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    T. J. Carter, G. L. Wulf, and G. R. Wallwork, Corrosion Science 9, 471 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    G. E. Wasielewski and R. A. Rapp, in The superalloys, High-Temperature Oxidation (Wiley, New York, 1972), p. 287.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    C. Gindorf, L. Singheiser, and K. Hilpert, Steel Research 72, 528 (2001).Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Materials and Manufacturing TechnologyChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
  2. 2.ABB AB, Corporate ResearchVästeråsSweden

Personalised recommendations