Bioactive glass (type 45S5) nanoparticles: in vitro reactivity on nanoscale and biocompatibility
- 1.5k Downloads
- 72 Citations
Abstract
Bioactive glasses represent important biomaterials being investigated for the repair and reconstruction of diseased bone tissues, as they exhibit outstanding bonding properties to human bone. In this study, bioactive glass (type 45S5) nanoparticles (nBG) with a mean particle size in the range of 20–60 nm, synthesised by flame spray synthesis, are investigated in relation to in vitro bioreactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) and response to osteoblast cells. The structure and kinetics of hydroxyapatite formation in SBF were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealing a very rapid transformation (after 1 day) of nBG to nanocrystalline bone-like carbonated HAp. Additionally, calcite is formed after 1 day of SBF immersion because of the high surface reactivity of the nBG particles. In the initial state, nBG particles were found to exhibit chain-like porous agglomerates of amorphous nature which are transformed on immersion in SBF into compact agglomerates covered by hydroxyapatite with a reduced size of the primary nanoparticles. In vitro studies revealed high cytocompatibility of nBG with human osteoblast cells, indicated through high lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial activity as well as alkaline phosphatase activity. Hence, this study contributes to the understanding of the structure and bioactivity of bioactive glass (type 45S5) nanoparticles, providing insights to the phenomena occurring at the nanoscale after immersion in SBF. The results are relevant in relation to the understanding of the nanoparticles’ bioreactivity required for applications in bone tissue engineering.
Keywords
Nanoparticles Bioactive glass TEM Hydroxyapatite OsteoblastNotes
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support from the “Emerging Fields Initiative” of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany) (Project: TOPbiomat). The authors thank Alexandra Grigore (Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg) for supporting the cell culture experiments. Stefan Romeis, Claudia Eisermann and Nadine Depner from Institute of Particle Technology (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg) are gratefully acknowledged for discussions and experimental assistance. The German Research Society (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged for financial support. Prof. Ben Fabry (Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) is acknowledged for allowing to carry out experiments in his laboratory. The authors also thank Dr. Isabel Knoke (Institute of Biomaterials, CENEM, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) for fruitful discussions.
References
- Antonakos A, Liarokapis E, Leventouri T (2007) Micro-Raman and FTIR studies of synthetic and natural apatites. Biomaterials 28(19):3043–3054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berner RA (1976) The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at atmospheric pressure and 34.5 0/00 salinity. Am J Sci 276(6):713–730CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boccaccini AR, Erol M, Stark WJ, Mohn D, Hong Z, Mano JF (2010) Polymer/bioactive glass nanocomposites for biomedical applications: a review. Compos Sci Technol 70(13):1764–1776CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bohner M, Lemaitre J (2009) Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution? Biomaterials 30(12):2175–2179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bosch RF, Adelantado JVG, Moya Moreno MCM (2002) FTIR quantitative analysis of calcium carbonate (calcite) and silica (quartz) mixtures using the constant ratio method. Application to geological samples. Talanta 58(4):811–821CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brunner TJ, Grass RN, Stark WJ (2006) Glass and bioglass nanopowders by flame synthesis. Chem Commun 13:1384–1386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bunker BC, Tallant DR, Headley TJ, Turner GL, Kirkpatrick RJ (1988) Structure of leached sodium borosilicate glass. Phys Chem Glasses 29(3):106–120Google Scholar
- Cerruti M, Morterra C (2004) Carbonate formation on bioactive glasses. Langmuir 20(15):6382–6388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cerruti M, Bianchi CL, Bonino F, Damin A, Perardi A, Morterra C (2005a) Surface modifications of bioglass immersed in TRIS-buffered solution. A multitechnical spectroscopic study. J Phys Chem B 109(30):14496–14505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cerruti M, Greenspan D, Powers K (2005b) Effect of pH and ionic strength on the reactivity of Bioglass® 45S5. Biomaterials 26(14):1665–1674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Curtis AR, West NX, Su B (2010) Synthesis of nanobioglass and formation of apatite rods to occlude exposed dentine tubules and eliminate hypersensitivity. Acta Biomater 6(9):3740–3746CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Danilchenko SN, Kukharenko OG, Moseke C, Protsenko IY, Sukhodub LF, Sulkio-Cleff B (2002) Determination of the bone mineral crystallite size and lattice strain from diffraction line broadening. Cryst Res Technol 37(11):1234–1240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davies CW, Shedlovsky T (1964) Ion association. J Electrochem Soc 111(3):85C–86CCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dey A, Bomans PHH, Müller FA, Will J, Frederik PM, de With G, Sommerdijk NAJM (2010) The role of prenucleation clusters in surface-induced calcium phosphate crystallization. Nat Mater 9(12):1010–1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Du H, Williams CT, Ebner AD, Ritter JA (2010) In situ FTIR spectroscopic analysis of carbonate transformations during adsorption and desorption of CO2 in K-promoted HTlc. Chem Mater 22(11):3519–3526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Elliott JC (1994) Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
- Elliott JC, Mackie PE, Young RA (1973) Monoclinic hydroxyapatite. Science 180(4090):1055–1057CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gabbi C, Cacchioli A, Locardi B, Guadagnino E (1995) Bioactive glass coating: physicochemical aspects and biological findings. Biomaterials 16(7):515–520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gann H, Glaspell G, Garrad R, Wanekaya A, Ghosh K, Cillessen L, Scholz A, Parker B, Warner M, Delong RK (2010) Interaction of MnO and ZnO nanomaterials with biomedically important proteins and cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol 6(1):37–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gerhardt LC, Jell GMR, Boccaccini AR (2007) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles filled poly(d, l lactic acid) (PDLLA) matrix composites for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 18(7):1287–1298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hench LL (1991) Bioceramics: from concept to clinic. J Am Ceram Soc 74(7):1487–1510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hench LL (1998) Bioceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 81(7):1705–1728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hench LL, Xynos ID, Polak JM (2004) Bioactive glasses for in situ tissue regeneration. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 15:543–562CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Heng B, Zhao X, Xiong S, Ng K, Boey F, Loo J (2011) Cytotoxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is influenced by cell density and culture format. Arch Toxicol 85(6):695–704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ito A, Maekawa K, Tsutsumi S, Ikazaki F, Tateishi T (1997) Solubility product of OH-carbonated hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res 36(4):522–528CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jell G, Stevens M (2006) Gene activation by bioactive glasses. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17(11):997–1002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jones JR, Sepulveda P, Hench LL (2001) Dose-dependent behavior of bioactive glass dissolution. J Biomed Mater Res 58(6):720–726CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kokubo T (1991) Bioactive glass ceramics: properties and applications. Biomaterials 12(2):155–163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kokubo T (1998) Apatite formation on surfaces of ceramics, metals and polymers in body environment. Acta Mater 46(7):2519–2527CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kokubo T, Takadama H (2006) How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials 27(15):2907–2915CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kokubo T, Ito S, Huang ZT, Hayashi T, Sakka S, Kitsugi T, Yamamuro T (1990) Ca, P-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W. J Biomed Mater Res 24(3):331–343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Koutsopoulos S (2002) Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: a review study on the analytical methods. J Biomed Mater Res 62(4):600–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Labbaf S, Tsigkou O, Müller KH, Stevens MM, Porter AE, Jones JR (2011) Spherical bioactive glass particles and their interaction with human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Biomaterials 32(4):1010–1018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Limbach LK, Li Y, Grass RN, Brunner TJ, Hintermann MA, Muller M, Gunther D, Stark WJ (2005) Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung fibroblasts: effects of particle size, agglomeration, and diffusion at low concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 39(23):9370–9376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lin S, Van den Bergh W, Baker S, Jones JR (2011) Protein interactions with nanoporous sol–gel derived bioactive glasses. Acta Biomater 7(10):3606–3615CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Loher S (2006) Improved degradation and bioactivity of amorphous aerosol derived tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles in poly(lactide-co-glycolide). Nanotechnology 17(8):2054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Misra SK, Mohn D, Brunner TJ, Stark WJ, Philip SE, Roy I, Salih V, Knowles JC, Boccaccini AR (2008) Comparison of nanoscale and microscale bioactive glass on the properties of P(3HB)/Bioglass composites. Biomaterials 29(12):1750–1761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mozafari M, Moztarzadeh F, Tahriri M (2010) Investigation of the physico-chemical reactivity of a mesoporous bioactive SiO(2)-CaO-P(2)O(5) glass in simulated body fluid. J Non-Cryst Solids 356(28–30):1470–1478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Müller L, Müller FA (2006) Preparation of SBF with different content and its influence on the composition of biomimetic apatites. Acta Biomater 2(2):181–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nel AE, Madler L, Velegol D, Xia T, Hoek EMV, Somasundaran P, Klaessig F, Castranova V, Thompson M (2009) Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat Mater 8(7):543–557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nielsen AE (1984) Electrolyte crystal growth mechanisms. J Cryst Growth 67(2):289–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ohtsuki C, Aoki Y, Kokubo T, Bando Y, Neo M, Nakamura T (1995) Transmission electron-microscopic observation of glass-ceramic A-W and apatite layer formed on its surface in a simulated body-fluid. J Ceram Soc Jpn 103(5):449–454CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oyane A, Onuma K, Ito A, Kim HM, Kokubo T, Nakamura T (2003) Formation and growth of clusters in conventional and new kinds of simulated body fluids. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 64A(2):339–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pan H, Zhao X, Darvell BW, Lu WW (2010) Apatite-formation ability: predictor of “bioactivity”? Acta Biomater 6(11):4181–4188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Freeman JJ, Rogers K, Valsami-Jones E, van der Houwen JAM, Silva MJ (2004) Lack of OH in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomic order: implications for bone and biomaterials. Biomaterials 25(2):229–238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pichon BP, Bomans PHH, Frederik PM, Sommerdijk NAJM (2008) A quasi-time-resolved cryoTEM study of the nucleation of CaCO3 under Langmuir monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 130(12):4034–4040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rahaman MN, Day DE, Bal BS, Fu Q, Jung SB, Bonewald LF, Tomsia AP (2011) Bioactive glass in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 7(6):2355–2373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27(18):3413–3431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sahay G, Alakhova DY, Kabanov AV (2010) Endocytosis of nanomedicines. J Control Release 145(3):182–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sepulveda P, Jones JR, Hench LL (2002) In vitro dissolution of melt-derived 45S5 and sol–gel derived 58S bioactive glasses. J Biomed Mater Res 61(2):301–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shi Z, Huang X, Cai Y, Tang R, Yang D (2009) Size effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblast-like cells. Acta Biomater 5(1):338–345CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tang R, Henneman ZJ, Nancollas GH (2003) Constant composition kinetics study of carbonated apatite dissolution. J Cryst Growth 249(3–4):614–624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tilocca A (2011) Molecular dynamics simulations of a bioactive glass nanoparticle. J Mater Chem 21(34):12660–12667CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vollenweider M, Brunner TJ, Knecht S, Grass RN, Zehnder M, Imfeld T, Stark WJ (2007) Remineralization of human dentin using ultrafine bioactive glass particles. Acta Biomater 3(6):936–943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Waltimo T, Brunner TJ, Vollenweider M, Stark WJ, Zehnder M (2007) Antimicrobial effect of nanometric bioactive glass 45S5. J Dent Res 86(8):754–757CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhu PX, Masuda Y, Yonezawa T, Koumoto K (2003) Investigation of apatite deposition onto charged surfaces in aqueous solutions using a quartz-crystal microbalance. J Am Ceram Soc 86(5):782–790CrossRefGoogle Scholar