Journal of Nanoparticle Research

, Volume 10, Issue 6, pp 987–996 | Cite as

Phase change heat transfer of liquid nitrogen upon injection into aqueous based TiO2 nanofluids

Research Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

This paper reports an experimental study on the cryogenic phase change behaviour of liquid nitrogen upon injection into a relatively large pool of aqueous based titanium dioxide nanofluids under ambient temperatures. Stable TiO2 are formulated at concentrations between 1% and 4% by particle weight, and characterized in the experiments. Both transient pressure and temperature profiles are measured and analysed in the range of liquid nitrogen Reynolds number of 2,200–11,000 and Webber number of 9–220. The results, however, do not show obvious influence of nanoparticles’ concentration on the pressure build up and heat transfer under the condition of this work. Very similar results are observed for liquid nitrogen injection into pure distilled water and into different concentrations of TiO2 nanofluids; both the pressure and the rate of pressure rise during the injection process increase linearly with injection velocity irrespective of nanoparticle concentrations. Further discussion shows that a higher rate of pressure rise could be achieved if operating conditions were optimised to induce the fragmentation and subsequent vapour explosion.

Keywords

Nanofluids Titanium dioxide nanoparticles Boiling Cryogen Fragmentation Fuel Coolant Interactions (FCI) Colloids Suspensions 
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Notes

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to extend their thanks to the Highview Enterprises Limited for financial support, and EPSRC under the Grant EP/E065449/1.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen MaryUniversity of LondonLondonUK
  2. 2.Institute of Particle Science & EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
  3. 3.Beijing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsBeijingChina

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