The Significance of Shame in the Lives of Women Who Experience Male Violence
Abstract
Recently there has been recognition of the cultural politics of emotion, that is, the ways in which emotions impact upon individual life experiences. Significantly, it has been shown how emotions can produce effects of power on and through the bodies of individuals. Despite this knowledge, the law and legal responses tend to minimise, obscure and deny the ways in which emotions, and in particular shame, impacts upon individuals. This article therefore argues that the lives of women who experience male violence cannot be fully understood without reference to the ways in which shame affects those experiences. It explores how shame operates as a gendered set of self-regulatory practices, which are also practices of male power in individual womens’ lives. In order to do this findings from a small scale qualitative study which used semi-structured interviews with women who have experienced violence are utilised, together with a Foucauldian theoretical framework. The article contends that an awareness and understanding of how shame affects the lives of women experience male violence can improve law and social policy responses to male violence against women.
Keywords
Emotion Law Shame Self-regulatory practice Women Male violenceNotes
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank all the women who gave their time and shared their experiences for the benefit of this research project. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor of the journal, who all gave useful comments on an earlier draft of this article.
References
- Abrahams, Hilary. 2010. Rebuilding lives after domestic violence: Understanding long-term outcomes. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Abrahams, Hilary. 2007. Supporting women after domestic violence: Loss, trauma and recovery. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Ahmed, Eliza, Nathan Harris, John Braithwaite, and Valerie Braithwaite (eds.). 2001. Shame management through reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Ahmed, Sara. 2004. The cultural politics of emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
- Baker, Katherine. 2005. Gender and emotion in criminal law. Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 28: 447–466.Google Scholar
- Bandes, Susan (ed.). 1999. The passions of law. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Bartky, Sandra. 1990. Femininity and domination—Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Biddle, Jennifer. 1997. Shame. Australian Feminist Studies 12(26): 227–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bograd, Michele. 1988. Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: An introduction. In Feminist perspectives on wife abuse, ed. Kersti Yllö, and Michele Bograd, 11–27. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carline, Anna. 2005. Zoora Shah: An unusual woman. Social and Legal Studies 14: 215–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cavanagh, Kate. 2003. Understanding women’s responses to domestic violence. Qualitative Social Work 2(3): 229–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cavanagh, Kate, Rebecca Dobash, Russell Dobash, and Ruth Lewis. 2001. ‘Remedial Work’: Men’s strategic responses to their violence against intimate female partners. Sociology 35: 695–714.Google Scholar
- Condry, Rachel. 2011. Families shamed: The consequences of crime for relatives of serious offenders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Council of Europe. 2011. Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. Council of Europe Treaty Series No.: 210. http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?CL=ENG&NT=210. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- Deigh, John. 2008. Emotions, values and the law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Dobash, Rebecca, and Russell Dobash. 1979. Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. London: Open Books.Google Scholar
- Dobash, Rebecca, and Russell Dobash. 1992. Women, violence and social change. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davies, Pamela, Peter Francis, and Victor Jupp. 2011. Doing criminological research. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Foucault, Michel. 1991. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. London: Penquin Books.Google Scholar
- Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977. Brighton: The Harvester Press.Google Scholar
- Fugate, Michele, Leslie Landis, Kim Riordan, Sara Naureckas, and Barbara Engel. 2005. Barriers to domestic violence help seeking: Implications for intervention. Violence against Women 11: 290–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gill, Aisha. 2013. Intersecting inequalities: Implications for addressing violence against black and minority ethnic women in the United Kingdom. In Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation, ed. Nancy Lombard, and Lesley McMillan, 141–158. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Goodrich, Peter. 1990. Languages of law: From logics of memory to nomadic masks. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
- Goodrich, Peter. 1996. Law in the Courts of Love: Literature and other minor jurisprudences. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Grady, Ann. 2002. Female-on-male domestic violence: Uncommon or ignored? In New visions of crime victims, ed. Carolyn Hoyle, and Richard Young, 71–96. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
- Griffiths, John. 2010. The politics of the judiciary. London: Fontana Press.Google Scholar
- Griffiths, Sue. 2000. Women, anger and domestic violence: The implications for legal defences to murder. In Home truths about domestic violence: Feminist influences on policy and practice; a reader, ed. Jalna Hanmer, Catherine Itzin, Sheila Quaid, and Debra Wigglesworth, 133–153. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Hague, Gill. 2010. Understanding adult survivors of domestic violence in childhood: Strategies for recovery for children and adults. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Hanmer, Jalna, Catherine Itzin, Sheila Quaid, and Debra Wigglesworth (eds.). 2000. Home truths about domestic violence: Feminist influences on policy and practice; a reader. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Harne, Lynne, and Jill Radford. 2008. Tackling domestic violence: Theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Hearn, Jeff. 1998. The violences of men: How men talk about and how agencies respond to men’s violences against women. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Hearn, Jeff. 2004. From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men. Feminist Theory 5(1): 49–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Itzin, Catherine. 2000. Gendering domestic violence: The influence of feminism on policy and practice. In Home truths about domestic violence: Feminist influences on policy and practice; a reader, ed. Jalna Hanmer, Catherine Itzin, Sheila Quaid, and Debra Wigglesworth, 356–380. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Jaggar, Alison. 1996. Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology. In Women, knowledge and reality—Explorations in feminist philosophy, 2nd ed, ed. Ann Garry, and Marilyn Pearsall. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Kelly, Liz. 1989. Surviving sexual violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Kelly, Liz, and Jill Radford. 1998. Sexual violence against women and girls: An approach to an international overview. In Rethinking violence against women, ed. Rebecca Dobash, and Russell Dobash, 53-76. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Kelly, Liz, Sheila Burton, and Linda Regan. 1994. Researching women’s lives or studying women’s oppression? Reflections on what constitutes feminist research. In Researching women’s lives from a feminist perspective, ed. Mary Maynard, and June Purvis, 27–48. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
- Lee, Raymond. 1993. Doing research on sensitive topics. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Lombard, Nancy, and Lesley McMillan. eds. 2013. Violence against women: current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Lombard, N., and Nancy Scott. 2013. Older women and domestic abuse: Where ageism and sexism interact. In Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation, ed. Nancy Lombard, and Lesley McMillan, 125–140. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Mason, Jennifer. 1996. Qualitative researching. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Massaro, Toni. 1999. Show (Some) emotions. In The passions of law, ed. Susan Bandes, 80–120. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Medina-Martins, Margarida, Petra Viegas and Rita Mimoso. 2008. The power to change: How to set up and run support groups for victims and survivors of domestic violence. Budapest: Possum Limited. http://www.womensaid.org.uk/core/core_picker/download.asp?id=1963. Accessed 27 sept 2013.
- Munt, Sally. 2000. Shame/pride dichotomies in queer as folk. Textual Practice 14(3): 531–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McKie, Linda. 2005. Families, violence and social change. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, Open University Press.Google Scholar
- McMillan, Lesley. 2013. Sexual victimization: Disclosure, responses and impact. In Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation, ed. Nancy Lombard, and Lesley McMillan, 71–86. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Norrie, Alan. 2001. Crime, reason and history: A critical introduction to criminal law, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Nussbaum, Martha. 2004. Hiding from humanity: Disgust, shame and the law. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Oakley, Anne. 1981. Interviewing women: A contradiction in terms. In Doing feminist research, ed. Helen Roberts, 30–59. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.Google Scholar
- Plummer, Ken. 1994. Telling sexual stories: Power, change and social worlds. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Posner, Richard. 1999. Emotion versus emotionalism in law. In The passions of law, ed. Susan Bandes, 309–329. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Probyn, Elspeth. 2005. Blush: Faces of shame. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
- Quaid, Sheila, and Catherine Itzin. 2000. The criminal justice response to women who kill: An interview with Helena Kennedy. In Home truths about domestic violence: Feminist influences on policy and practice; a reader, ed. Jalna Hanmer, Catherine Itzin, Sheila Quaid, and Debra Wigglesworth, 153–166. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Radford, Jill, and Elizabeth Stanko. 1996. ‘Nothing really happened’: The invalidation of women’s experiences of sexual violence. In Women, violence and male power, ed. Marianne Hester, Liz Kelly, and Jill Radford, 19–33. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Renzetti, Claire, and Raymond Lee (eds.). 1993. Researching sensitive topics. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Retzinger, Suzanne. 1991. Violent emotions—Shame and rage in marital quarrels. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Ritchie, Jane, and Jane Lewis (eds.). 2003. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Rumney, Philip, and Natasha Hanley. 2010. The mythology of male rape: Social attitudes and law enforcement. In Rethinking rape law: International and comparative perspectives, ed. Clare McGlynn, and Vanessa E. Munro, 294–307. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Skeggs, Beverley. 1997. Formations of class and gender. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Socio-Legal Studies Association (SLSA). January 2009. Statement of principles of ethical research practice. SLSA.Google Scholar
- Stanko, Elizabeth. 1985. Intimate intrusions: Women’s experiences of male violence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
- Stanley, Liz. 1990. Feminist praxis—Research, theory and epistemology in feminist sociology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Stark, Evan. 2013. Coercive control. In Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation, ed. Nancy Lombard, and Lesley McMillan, 17–33. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
- Stern, Vivien. 2010. The stern review—A report by baroness vivien stern CBE of an independent review into how rape complaints are handled by public authorities in England and Wales. Government Equalities Office and the Home Office. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110608160754/http://www.equalities.gov.uk/PDF/Stern_Review_acc_FINAL.pdf. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- Taylor, Nicola and Jackie Kearney. 2005. Researching hard-to reach populations: Privileged access interviewers and drug using parents. Sociological Research Online 10(2).Google Scholar
- The Freedom Programme. 2013. The freedom programme. http://www.freedomprogramme.co.uk/. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- The Home Office. 2013a. Domestic violence and abuse. https://www.gov.uk/domestic-violence-and-abuse. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- The Home Office. 2013b. Ending violence against women and girls in the UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-the-uk. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- Towers, Jude and Sylvia Walby. 2012. Measuring the impact of cuts in public expenditure on the provision of services to prevent violence against women and girls. Northern Rock Foundation and Trust for London. http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/VAWG%20Cuts%20Full%20Report.pdf. Accessed on 26 Sept 2013.
- Women’s Aid. 2009. Statistics: Domestic violence. www.womensaid.org.uk/core/core_picker/download.asp?id=1602. Accessed 26 Sept 2013.