Law and Critique

, Volume 23, Issue 2, pp 123–139 | Cite as

Habermas Contra Foucault: Law, Power and the Forgotten Subject

Article

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to offer a Foucauldian critique of Habermas’s theory of law and democracy. Quite famously Habermas viciously attacked Foucault’s positions on law and power in modernity. Those attacks will be taken into consideration here in order to show some deficiencies in Habermas’s own reading of modern law and democracy. My suggestion is that the formal nature of Habermas’s communicative approach fails to take into adequate consideration the question of subjectivity formation. More precisely I will demonstrate that Habermas’s own works show a troublesome ambivalence with regards to the possibility that individuals can participate as ‘unencumbered selves’ to the public life of their community. As a consequence his account turns a blind eye to certain dynamics of power in our society that a Foucauldian approach seems more apt to frame and explore.

Keywords

Democracy European crisis Foucault Habermas Identity Law Power Subjectivity 

References

  1. Agamben, Giorgio. 2009. What is an apparatus? (trans: David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
  2. Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined communities. London: Verso.Google Scholar
  3. Antonisch, Marco. 2009. National identities in the age of globalisation: The case of Western Europe. National Identities 11(3): 281–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Ashenden, Samantha, and David Owen. 1999. Foucault contra Habermas: Recasting the dialogue between genealogy and critical theory. London: Sage.Google Scholar
  5. Bauman, Zygmunt. 2004. Identity. Cambridge, Malden, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  6. Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Situating the self: Gender, community and postmodernism in contemporary Ethics. Oxford: Polity.Google Scholar
  7. Bloch, Marc. 1961. Feudal society (trans: L.A. Manyon). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
  8. Delanty, Gerard, and Patrick O’Mahony. 2002. Nationalism and social theory: Modernity and the recalcitrance of the nation. London: Sage.Google Scholar
  9. Ewald, François. 1990. Norms, discipline and the law. Representations 30: 138–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Fine, Robert. 1984. Democracy and the rule of law: Liberals ideas and Marxist critiques. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
  11. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and punish (trans: Alan Sheridan). London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
  12. Foucault, Michel. 1979. The history of sexuality, vol. I, An introduction (trans: Robert Hurley). Allen Lane.Google Scholar
  13. Foucault, Michel. 1980. Two Lectures. In Power/knowledge (ed. Colin Gordon, trans: Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper) 78–108. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
  14. Foucault, Michel. 1991. Governmentality. In The Foucault effect. Studies in governmentality, eds. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 87–104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  15. Foucault, Michel. 2002. The subject and power. In Power. Essential works of Foucault 19541984, ed. James D. Faubion, 326–348. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
  16. Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collége de France, 19761977 (eds. Mauro Bertrani and Alessandro Fontana, trans: David Macey). New York: Picador.Google Scholar
  17. Foucault, Michel. 2008. The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Collége de France 19781979 (ed. Michel Senellart. trans: Graham Burchel). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  18. Gellner, Ernest. 2006. Nations and nationalism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
  19. Golder, Ben, and Peter Fitzpatrick. 2009. Foucault’s law. London: Routledge-Cavendish.Google Scholar
  20. Gordon, Colin. 1991. Governmental rationality: An introduction. In The Foucault effect. Studies in governmentality (eds. Colin Gordon and Peter Miller, trans: Graham Burchell) 1–54. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  21. Grimm, Dieter. 1995. Does Europe need a constitution? European Law Journal 1(3): 282–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Habermas, Jürgen. 1984–1987. The theory of communicative action (trans: Thomas McCarthy). Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  23. Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The structural transformation of the public sphere (trans: Thomas Burger). Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  24. Habermas, Jürgen. 1992. Post-metaphysical thinking (trans: William Mark Hohengarten). Oxford: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  25. Habermas, Jürgen. 1994. Some questions concerning the theory of power: Foucault again. In Critique and power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas debate, ed. Michael Kelly, 79–108. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  26. Habermas, Jürgen. 1995. Remarks on Dieter Grimm’s ‘Does Europe need a constitution?’. European Law Journal 1(3): 303–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy (trans: William Rehg). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  28. Habermas, Jürgen. 1999. On the internal relation between the rule of law and democracy. In The inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory, eds. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greif, 253–264. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
  29. Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. The Postnational Constellation: Political essays (trans: Max Pensky). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  30. Habermas, Jürgen. 2007. The divided West (trans: Ciaran Cronin). Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
  31. Habermas, Jürgen. 2009. Europe: The faltering project (trans: Ciaran Cronin). Cambridge, MA: Polity.Google Scholar
  32. Habermas, Jürgen. 2012. The crisis of the European Union (trans: Ciaran Cronin). London: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  33. Hirst, Paul. 1986. Law, socialism and democracy. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
  34. Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1992. Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth and reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  35. Hunt, Alan, and Gary Wickham. 1994. Foucault and the law. Towards a sociology of law as governance. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
  36. Jessop, Bob. 2007. From micro-powers to governmentality: Foucault’s work on statehood, state formation, statecraft and state power. Political Geography 26: 34–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Kaldor, Mary. 2004. Nationalism and globalisation. Nations and nationalism 10(1/2): 161–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Kelly, Michael (ed.). 1994. Critique and power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  39. Kelly, Mark G. 2009. The political philosophy of Michel Foucault. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  40. Kennedy, Duncan. 1993. Sexy dressing etc. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  41. Laible, Janet. 2008. Separatism and sovereignty in the new Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Lemke, Thomas. 2010. Foucault’s hypothesis: from the critique of the juridico-discursive concept of power to an analytics of government. Parreshia 9: 31–43.Google Scholar
  43. Miller, David. 2000. Citizenship and national identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  44. Oksala, Johanna. 2005. Foucault on freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  45. Patterson, Orlando. 1991. Freedom in the making of western culture. London: Tauris.Google Scholar
  46. Penner, James, David Schiff, and Richard Nobles. 2002. Introduction to jurisprudence and legal theory. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
  47. Poulantzas, Nicos. 1980. State, power, socialism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
  48. Rehg, William. 1996. Translator’s Introduction. In Between facts and norms, ix–xxxvii. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  49. Roemer, John E., Woojin Lee, and Karine Van der Straeten. 2007. Racism, xenophobia, and distribution: Multi-issue politics in advanced democracies. Cambridge, MA: Russell Sage Foundation; Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  50. Smith, Anthony D. 2001. Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
  51. Strange, Susan. 1996. The retreat of the state: The diffusion of power in the world economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  52. Tadros, Victor. 1998. Between governance and discipline: The law and Michel Foucault. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 18: 75–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Tilly, Charles (ed.). 1996. Citizenship, identity and social history. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  54. Weiler, Joseph. 1995. Does Europe need a Constitution? Demos, telos, ethos and the Maastricht decision. European Law Journal 1(3): 219–258.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of LawKing’s College LondonLondonUK

Personalised recommendations