Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

, Volume 108, Issue 3, pp 927–932 | Cite as

Effect of alkali metal doping on the properties and crystalline perfection of bis(thiourea)zinc(II) chloride crystals

  • K. Muthu
  • G. Bhagavannarayana
  • S. P. Meenakashisundaram
  • S. C. Mojumdar
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The influence of sodium doping on the properties of bis(thiourea)zinc(II) chloride crystals has been described. The reduction in the intensity observed in powder X-ray diffraction of doped specimen and slight shifts in vibrational frequencies confirm the lattice stress as a result of doping. The incorporation of Na(I) into the crystal lattice was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Surface morphological changes due to doping of the alkali metal are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The TG–DTA studies reveal the purity of the material and no decomposition is observed up to the melting point. The high resolution X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystalline quality is improved considerably by doping with alkali metal. High transmittance is observed and cut off λ is ~270 nm.

Keywords

BTZC Thiourea XRD SEM HRXRD Thermal analysis 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Velsko S. Laser program annual report, Lawrence UCRL-JC 105000. Livermore CA: Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory; 1990.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Guangcai X, Minhua M, Zongshu Z, Xu D. Bis-thiourea cadmium chloride(BTCC)—a novel organic crystal of organometallic complex. Chin J Lasers. 1987;14:357–63.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Marcy HO, Warren LF, Webb MS, Ebbers CA, Velsko SP, Kennedy GC, Caterlla GC. Second-harmonic generation in zinc tris(thiourea)sulfate. Appl Opt. 1992;31:5051–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Angeli Mary PA, Dhanuskodi S. Growth and characterization of a new nonlinear optical crystal: bis thiourea zinc chloride. Cryst Res Technol. 2001;36:1231–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Long X, Wang G, Han TPJ. Growth and spectroscopic properties of Cr3+-doped LaSc3(BO3)4. J Cryst Growth. 2003;249:191–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Ramajothi J, Dhanuskodi S. Optical and microhardness studies of semi organic nonlinear optical material: l-histidine tetrafluoroborate. Cryst Res Technol. 2003;38:986–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Ohachi T, Hamanada M, Konda H, Hayashi D, Taniguchi I, Hashimoto T, Kotani Y. Electrical nucleation and growth of NaCH3COO 3H2O. J Cryst Growth. 1990;99:72–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Wang XQ, Xu D, Lu MK, Yuan DR, Huang J, Li SG, Lu GW, Sun HQ, Guo SY, Zhang GH, Duan XL, Liu HY, Liu WL. Physicochemical behavior of nonlinear optical crystal CdHg(SCN)4. J Cryst Growth. 2003;247:432–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Uthrakumar R, Vesta C, Justin Raj C, Dinakaran S, Christhu Dhas R, Jerome Das S. Optical and dielectric studies on pure and Ni2+, Co2+ doped single crystals of bis thiourea cadmium chloride. Cryst Res Technol. 2008;43:428–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Selvakumar S, Rajarajan K, Ravi Kumar SM, Ambujam K, Prem Anand D, Vetha Potheher I, Sagayaraj P. Growth and characterization of pure and metal doped bis(thiourea) zinc chloride single crystals. Cryst Res Technol. 2006;41:766–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Moitra S, Kar T. Synthesis and characterization of bis(thiourea)zinc chloride doped with l-arginine. Mater Chem Phys. 2009;117:204–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Balu T, Rajasekaran TR, Murugakoothan P. Nucleation studies of ZTC doped with l-arginine in supersaturated aqueous solutions. Phys B. 2009;404:813–1818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Dhumane NR, Hussaini SS, Dongre VG, Ghugare P, Shirsat MD. Growth and characterization of l-alanine-doped zinc thiourea chloride single crystal (ZTC). Appl Phys A. 2009;95:727–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Rajasekaran R, Rajendiran KV, Mohan Kumar R, Jayavel R, Dhanasekaran R, Ramasamy P. Investigation on the nucleation kinetics of zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC) single crystals. Mater Chem Phys. 2003;82:273–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Rajasekaran R, Rajasekaran R, Ushashree PM, Ramasamy P. Growth and characterization of zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC): a semi organic nonlinear optical crystal. J Cryst Growth. 2001;229:563–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Moitra S, Kar T. Growth, optical and thermal characterization of bis(thiourea)zinc chloride single crystals. Opt Mater. 2008;30:1621–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Rajasekaran R, Mohankumar R, Jeyavel R, Ramasamy P. Influence of pH on the growth and characteristics of nonlinear optical zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC) single crystals. J Cryst Growth. 2003;252:317–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Rajasekaran R, Rajendiran KV, Mohan Kumar R, Jayavel R, Dhanasekaran R, Ramasamy P. Investigation on the nucleation kinetics of zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC) single crystals. Mater Chem Phys. 2003;82:273–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Kushwaha SK, Vijayan N, Bhagavannarayana G. Growth by SR method and characterization of bis(thiourea)zinc(II) chloride single crystals. Mater Lett. 2008;62:3931–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Uthrakumar R, Vesta C, Justin Raj C, Krishnan S, Jerome Das S. Bulk crystal growth and characterization of non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal by unidirectional growth method. Curr Appl Phys. 2010;10:548–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Lal K, Bhagavannarayan G. A high-resolution diffuse X-ray scattering study of defects in dislocation-free silicon crystals growth by the float-zone method and comparison with Czochralski-grown crystals. J Appl Cryst. 1989;22:209–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Meenakshisundaram S, Parthiban S, Sarathi N, Kalavathy R, Bhagavannarayana G. Effect of organic dopants on ZTS single crystals. J Cryst Growth. 2006;293:376–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Kuznetsov VA, Okhrimenko TM, Rak M. Growth promoting effect of organic impurities on growth kinetics of KAP and KDP crystals. J Cryst Growth. 1998;193:164–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Bhagavannarayana G, Ananthamurthy RV, Budakoti GC, Kumar B, Bartwal KS. A study of the effect of annealing on Fe-doped LiNbO3 by HRXRD, XRT and FT-IR. J Appl Cryst. 2005;38:768–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Bhagavannarayana G, Parthiban S, Meenakshisundaram S. Enhancement of crystalline perfection by organic dopants in ZTS, ADP and KHP crystals as investigated by high-resolution XRD and SEM. J Appl Cryst. 2006;39:784–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Batterman BW, Cole H. Dynamical diffraction of X-rays by perfect crystals. Rev Mod Phys. 1964;36:681–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Mojumdar SC, Raki L. Preparation, thermal, spectral and microscopic studies of calcium silicate hydrate-poly(acrylic acid) nanocomposite materials. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2006;85:99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Sawant SY, Verenkar VMS, Mojumdar SC. Preparation, thermal, XRD, chemical and FT-IR spectral analysis of NiMn2O4 nanoparticles and respective precursor. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;90:669–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Porob RA, Khan SZ, Mojumdar SC, Verenkar VMS. Synthesis, TG, SDC and infrared spectral study of NiMn2(C4H4O4)3·6N2H4—a precursor for NiMn2O4 nanoparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2006;86:605–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Mojumdar SC, Varshney KG, Agrawal A. Hybrid fibrous ion exchange materials: past, present and future. Res J Chem Environ. 2006;10:89–103.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Doval M, Palou M, Mojumdar SC. Hydration behaviour of C2S and C2AS nanomaterials, synthesized by sol–gel method. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2006;86:595–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Mojumdar SC, Moresoli C, Simon LC, Legge RL. Edible wheat gluten (WG) protein films: preparation, thermal, mechanical and Spectral Properties. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;104:929–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Varshney G, Agrawal A, Mojumdar SC. Pyridine based cerium(IV) phosphate hybrid fibrous ion exchanger: Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;90:731–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Mojumdar SC, Melnik M, Jona E. Thermal and spectral properties of Mg(II) and Cu(II) complexes with heterocyclic N-donor ligands. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2000;53:149–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Borah B, Wood JL. Complex hydrogen bonded cations. The benzimidazole benzimidazolium cation. Can J Chem. 1976;50:2470–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Mojumdar SC, Sain M, Prasad RC, Sun L, Venart JES. Selected thermoanalytical methods and their applications from medicine to construction. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;60:653–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Meenakshisundarm SP, Parthiban S, Madhurambal G, Mojumdar SC. Effect of chelating agent (1,10-phenanthroline) on potassium hydrogen phthalate crystals. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;94:21–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Rejitha KS, Mathew S. Investigations on the thermal behavior of hexaamminenickel(II) sulphate using TG-MS and TR–XRD. Glob J Anal Chem. 2010;1(1):100–8.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Pajtášová M, Ondrušová D, Jóna E, Mojumdar SC, Ľalíková S, Bazyláková T, Gregor M. Spectral and thermal characteristics of copper(II) carboxylates with fatty acid chains and their benzothiazole adducts. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;100:769–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Madhurambal G, Ramasamy P, Anbusrinivasan P, Vasudevan G, Kavitha S, Mojumdar SC. Growth and characterization studies of 2-bromo-4′-chloro-acetophenone (BCAP) crystals. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;94:59–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Gonsalves LR, Mojumdar SC, Verenkar VMS. Synthesis and characterisation of Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;104:869–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Raileanu M, Todan L, Crisan M, Braileanu A, Rusu A, Bradu C, Carpov A, Zaharescu M. Sol-gel materials with pesticide delivery properties. J Environ Prot. 2010;1:302–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Varshney KG, Agrawal A, Mojumdar SC. Pectin-based cerium(IV) and thorium(IV) phosphates as novel hybrid fibrous ion exchangers synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;81:183–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Mojumdar SC, Šimon P, Krutošíková A. [1]Benzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine: synthesis and coordination reactions. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;96:103–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Moricová K, Jóna E, Plško A, Mojumdar SC. Thermal stability of Li2O–SiO2–TiO2 gels evaluated by the induction period of crystallization. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;100:817–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Mojumdar SC, Miklovic J, Krutosikova A, Valigura D, Stewart JM. Furopyridines and furopyridine-Ni(II) complexes—synthesis, thermal and spectral characterization. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;81:211–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Vasudevan G, AnbuSrinivasan P, Madhurambal G, Mojumdar SC. Thermal analysis, effect of dopants, spectral characterisation and growth aspects of KAP crystals. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;96:99–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  • K. Muthu
    • 1
  • G. Bhagavannarayana
    • 2
  • S. P. Meenakashisundaram
    • 1
  • S. C. Mojumdar
    • 3
    • 4
  1. 1.Department of ChemistryAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalainagarIndia
  2. 2.Materials Characterization DivisionNational Physical LaboratoryNew DelhiIndia
  3. 3.Department of ChemistryUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
  4. 4.Department of Chemical Technologies and Enviroment, Faculty of Industrial TechnologiesTrencin University of Alexander DubceckPuchovSlovakia

Personalised recommendations