Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

, Volume 314, Issue 2, pp 1207–1235 | Cite as

Nuclear reaction cross sections for proton therapy applications

  • Milad Enferadi
  • Saber Sarbazvatan
  • Mahdi Sadeghi
  • Ji-Hong Hong
  • Chuan-Jong Tung
  • Tsi-Chian Chao
  • Chung-Chi Lee
  • Shiaw-Pyng Wey
Article
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Abstract

Nuclear reactions of high-energy protons with treatment equipment, air, and patient tissue during proton therapy generate residual radioactivity and secondary particles including protons, deuterons, alphas, and neutrons. The most up-to-date versions of INCL++ (v5.2.9), TALYS (v1.8), EMPIRE (v3.2.2 Malta), and ALICE/ASH were used in this study to calculate the excitation functions of proton-induced reactions with carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, and lead nuclei. The cross sections of different nuclear reaction mechanisms, gamma particles, and residual radionuclides were calculated. The obtained results were compared with available experimental data and the ENDF/B-VII.1.

Keywords

Proton therapy Secondary particles TALYS EMPIRE INCL++ Excitation functions 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Davide Mancusi (CEA, Centre de Saclay, IRFU/SPhN, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France), Prof. Arjan Koning (Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Petten, The Netherlands), Prof. Michal Herman (National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY), and Prof. Viktor Zerkin (NDS, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria) for technical supports and providing the most up-to-date versions of INC++, TALYS and EMPIRE codes.

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Copyright information

© Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityKwei-ShanTaiwan
  2. 2.Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade do Porto-Rua do Campo AlegrePortoPortugal
  3. 3.Medical Physics Department, School of MedicineIran University of Medical ScienceTehranIran
  4. 4.Department of Radiation OncologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
  5. 5.Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological ResearchChang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
  6. 6.Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological ResearchChang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan

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