Perceived Ethnic Stigma Across the Transition to College
- 597 Downloads
- 11 Citations
Abstract
Ethnicity-based negative treatment during the transition to college may affect the long-term adjustment of ethnic-minority youth. We examined within-person changes in youths’ perceptions of overt discrimination and their sense of their ethnic group being devalued by the larger society among 563 Latino, European, Asian, and other ethnic minority emerging adults across the transition to college (M age = 17.79, SD = .37, 54.7% female). Analyses tested for group and context differences and associations between perceived discrimination and societal devaluation of their group and adjustment. Results indicate that although perceived discrimination decreases over time, perceived devaluation by society increases. Social context did not affect changes in perceived discrimination and societal devaluation. Whereas perceived discrimination was associated with depressive and somatic symptoms for everyone, perceived societal devaluation was only consequential for ethnic minorities. Future research should identify possible moderators to help students cope with experiences of discrimination and feelings of not being valued by society.
Keywords
Perceived discrimination Public regard Ethnic stigma Adjustment Latino AsianNotes
Acknowledgments
Support for this study was provided by grants from the Russell Sage Foundation and the Haynes Foundation awarded to the second author. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by the University of California, Los Angeles Dissertation Year Fellowship. The authors are grateful for the participation and support from the schools and families involved in this project.
References
- Altschul, I., Oyserman, D., & Bybee, D. (2006). Racial-ethnic identity in mid-adolescence: Content and change as predictors of academic achievement. Child Development, 77(5), 1155–1169.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Association of American Colleges and Universities. (2011) Retrieved August 28, 2011, from http://www.aacu.org/about/index.cfm.
- Biasco, F., Goodwin, E., & Vitale, K. (2001). College students’ attitudes toward racial discrimination. College Student Journal, 35(4), 523–528.Google Scholar
- Blank, R., Dabady, M., & Citro, C. (2004). Measuring racial discrimination. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press.Google Scholar
- Borrell, L. N., Kiefe, C. I., Williams, D. R., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2006). Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study. Social Science Medicine, 63(6), 1415–1427.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, C. S., Alabi, B. O., Huynh, V. W., & Masten, C. L. (2011). Ethnicity and gender in late childhood and early adolescence: Group identity and awareness of bias. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 463–471.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbusch, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- California Department of Education. (2006). School summary data. Retrieved January 27, 2006, from http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/.
- Cantwell, L., Anderson, E., Schreiner, L. A., & Noel, P. (2011). The impact of faculty and staff on high-risk college student persistence. Journal of College Student Development, 52(3), 321–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chavous, T. M., Bernat, D. H., Schmeelk Cone, K., Caldwell, C. H., Kohn Wood, L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity and academic attainment among African American adolescents. Child Development, 74(4), 1076–1090.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 101–116.Google Scholar
- Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(6), 679–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2004). Preparing diverse adolescents for the transition to adulthood. The Future of Children, 14(2), 99–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Garcia Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., & Wasik, B. H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gee, G., & Walsemann, K. (2009). Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the national longitudinal study of youth. Social Science and Medicine, 68(9), 1676–1684.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gibbons, F. X., Yeh, H.-C., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Cutrona, C., Simons, R. L., et al. (2007). Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, S27–S37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gillen-O’Neel, C., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. (2011). Ethnic stigma, academic anxiety, and intrinsic motivation in middle childhood. Child Development, 82(5), 1470–1485.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006). Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 218–238.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hardaway, C. R., & McLoyd, V. C. (2009). Escaping poverty and securing middle class status: How race and socioeconomic status shape mobility prospects for African Americans during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 242–256.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hurtado, S. (1994). The institutional climate for talented Latino students. Research in Higher Education, 35(1), 21–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huynh, V. W., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Discrimination hurts: The academic, psychological, and physical well being of adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 916–941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hwang, W.-C., & Goto, S. (2009). The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S(1), 15–28. doi: 10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.15.
- Liang, C. T. H., Li, L. C., & Kim, B. S. K. (2004). The Asian American racism-related stress inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 103–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(2), 124–132.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mays, V. M., Coleman, L. M., & Jackson, J. S. (1996). Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of Black women: Implications for health outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(3), 319–329.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McConahay, J., Hardee, B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563–579.Google Scholar
- Nishina, A., Juvonen, J., & Witkow, M. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will make me feel sick: The psychosocial, somatic, and scholastic consequences of peer harassment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 37–48.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(3), 255–263. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5a.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pascarella, E. T. (1997). It’s time we started paying attention to community college students. About Campus, 1(6), 14–17.Google Scholar
- Pascarella, E. T., Pierson, C. T., Wolniak, G. C., & Terenzini, P. T. (2004). First-generation college students: Additional evidence on college experiences and outcomes. Journal of Higher Education, 249–284.Google Scholar
- Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the national longitudinal study on adolescent health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(10), 823–832.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rivas-Drake, D. (2011). Public ethnic regard and academic adjustment among Latino adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 537–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2008). A closer look at peer discrimination, ethnic identity, and psychological well-being among urban Chinese American sixth graders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 12–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). Public ethnic regard and perceived socioeconomic stratification: Associations with well-being among Dominican and Black American youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(1), 122–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35(4), 420–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Samaniego, R. Y., & Gonzales, N. A. (1999). Multiple mediators of the effects of acculturation status on delinquency for Mexican American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology. Special Issue: Adolescent Risk Behavior, 27(2), 189–210.Google Scholar
- Seaton, E. K., & Yip, T. (2009). School and neighborhood contexts, perceptions of racial discrimination, and psychological well-being among African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 153–163.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Seaton, E. K., Yip, T., & Sellers, R. M. (2009). A longitudinal examination of racial identity and racial discrimination among African American adolescents. Child Development, 80(2), 406–417.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A. J., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). Multidimensional inventory of black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and constuct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 805–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163.Google Scholar
- Smedley, B. D., Myers, H. F., & Harrell, S. P. (1993). Minority-status stresses and the college adjustment of ethnic minority freshmen. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 434–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stearns, E., Buchmann, C., & Bonneau, K. (2009). Interracial friendships in the transition to college: Do birds of a feather flock together once they leave the nest? Sociology of Education, 82(2), 173–195. doi: 10.1177/003804070908200204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sue, D. W. (1994). Asian-American mental health and help-seeking behavior: Comment on Solberg et al. (1994), Tata and Leong (1994), and Lin (1994). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 292–295.Google Scholar
- Udry, J. R., & Bearman, P. S. (1998). New methods for research on adolescent sexual behavior. In R. Jessor (Ed.), New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 241–269). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- US Census Bureau. (2011). 2010 Census shows America’s diversity. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn125.html.
- US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2011) Retrieved August 28, 2011, from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/index.cfm.
- Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology. Special Issue: Health and Socio-Economic Position, 2(3), 335–351.Google Scholar