Spiritual Well-Being and Psychological Adjustment: Mediated by Interpersonal Needs?

  • Ashly L. Gaskin-Wasson
  • Kristin L. Walker
  • Lilian J. Shin
  • Nadine J. Kaslow
Original Paper
First Online:

Abstract

Spiritual well-being has been shown to reduce suicidal behavior, depressive symptoms, and hopelessness. Thwarted interpersonal needs have been shown to increase risk of suicidal behavior. This paper aims to explore the interrelationships among spiritual well-being, thwarted interpersonal needs, and negative outcomes including suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms among African American women. Sixty-six African American women (M = 36.18; SD = 11.70), from a larger study of women who had experienced interpersonal violence within the past year, completed self-report questionnaires. Mediation analyses revealed that thwarted belongingness, but not perceived burdensomeness, significantly mediated the relations between spiritual well-being and the three outcomes. This study provides the first examination of the role of thwarted interpersonal needs on the link between spiritual well-being and negative psychological outcomes. Spiritual well-being serves a protective role against feelings of social isolation, which may reduce one’s risk of negative psychological outcomes. Treatments that bolster a sense of spirituality and social connectedness may reduce suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms.

Keywords

Suicide African American Interpersonal needs Spiritual well-being 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by grants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (R49 CCR421767-01, Group interventions with suicidal African American women) and the National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH078002-01A2, Group interviews for abused, suicidal Black women) awarded to the last author (Kaslow).

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of interest

None.

Ethical Statement

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

References

  1. Ando, M., Morita, T., Okamota, T., & Ninosaka, Y. (2008). One-week short-term life review interview can improve spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 885–890. doi: 10.1002/pon.1299.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Anglin, D., Gabriel, K. O. S., & Kaslow, N. J. (2005). Suicide acceptability and religious well-being: A comparative analysis in African American suicide attempters and nonattempters. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 33, 140–150. Retrieved from https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt/index.cfm.
  3. Arnette, N. C., Mascaro, N., Santana, M. C., Davis, S., & Kaslow, N. J. (2007). Enhancing spiritual well-being among suicidal African American female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 909–924. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20403.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Beck, A. T., Schuyler, D., & Herman, I. (1974a). The development of suicide intent scales. In A. T. Beck, H. L. Resnick, & D. J. Littieri (Eds.), Prediction of suicide (pp. 45–56). Bowie: Charles Press.Google Scholar
  5. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. (1991). Beck scale for suicide ideation manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
  6. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
  7. Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974b). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861–865. doi: 10.1037/h0037562.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Bekelman, D., Dy, S., Becker, D., Wittstein, I., Hendricks, D., Hamashita, T., et al. (2007). Spiriual well-being and depression in patients with heart failure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 470–477. doi: 10.1007/s11606-006-0044-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  9. Bekelman, D., Parry, C., Curlin, F. A., Yamashita, T. E., Fairclough, D. L., & Wamboldt, F. S. (2010). A comparison of two spirituality instruments and their relationship with depression and quality of life in chronic heart failure. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 39, 515–526. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.08.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  10. Boykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black children socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33–51). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
  11. Bradley, R. H., Schwartz, A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among low-income, African American women with a history of intimate partner violence and suicidal behaviors: Self-esteem, social support, and religious coping. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 685–696. doi: 10.1002/jts.20077.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B., Gibson, C., Pessin, H., Poppito, S., Nelson, C., et al. (2010). Meaning-centered group psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 21–28. doi: 10.1002/pon.1556.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E, Jr. (2010). A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a military sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 347–350. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Carr, E. R., Woods, A. M., Vahabzadeh, A., Sutton, C., Witteneaur, J., & Kaslow, N. J. (2013). PTSD, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in African American women: A mediated model. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20, 37–45. doi: 10.1007/s10880-012-9316-1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Coleman, C. L. (2004). The contribution of religious and existential well-being to depression among African American heterosexuals with HIV infections. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 103–110. doi: 10.1080/01612840490249019.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Compton, M. T., Thompson, M. P., & Kaslow, N. J. (2005). Social environment factors associated with suicide attempt among low-income African Americans: The protective role of family relationships and social support. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 175–185. doi: 10.1007/s00127-005-0865-6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Dalmida, S. G., Holstad, M. M., Dilorio, C., & Laderman, G. (2009). Spiritual well-being, depressive symptoms, and immune status among women living with HIV/AIDS. Women and Health, 49, 119–143. doi: 10.1080/03630240902915036.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  18. Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2011). Racial disparities in risk and protective factors for suicide. Journal of Black Psychology, 37, 499–516. doi: 10.1177/0095798410397543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Davidson, C. L., Wingate, L. R., Grant, D. M., Judah, M. R., & Mills, A. C. (2011). Interpersonal suicide risk and ideation: The influence of depression and social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 842–855. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.8.842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Davidson, C. L., Wingate, L. R., Slish, M. L., & Rasmussen, K. A. (2010). The great black hope: Hope and its relation to suicide risk among African Americans. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40, 170–180. doi: 10.1521/suli.2010.40.2.170.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Davis, S. P., Arnette, N. C., Bethea, K. I., Graves, K. N., Rhodes, M. N., Harp, S. E., et al. (2009). The Grady Nia Project: A culturally competent intervention for low-income, abused and suicidal African American women. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 141–147. doi: 10.1037/a0014566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Dozois, D. J. A., & Covin, R. (2004). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and beck scale for suicide ideation (BSS). In M. J. Hilsenroth & D. L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, volume 2: Personality assessment (pp. 50–69). Hoboken: Wiley.Google Scholar
  23. Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83–89. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Dutton, M. A., Mitchell, B., & Haywood, Y. (1996). The emergency department as a violence prevention center. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 51, 92–96. Retrieved from http://www.amwa-doc.org.
  25. Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 330–340. Retrieved from https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt/.
  26. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., McHugh, P. R., & Fanjiang, G. (2001). Mini-mental state examination. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
  27. Griffin-Fennell, F., & Williams, M. (2006). Examining the complexities of suicidal behavior in the African American community. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 303–319. doi: 10.1177/0095798406290469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Grothe, K. B., Dutton, G. R., Jones, G. N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantely, P. J. (2005). Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. Psychological Assessment, 17, 110–114. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.17.1.110.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Harris, T. L., & Molock, S. D. (2000). Cultural orientation, family cohesion and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 30, 341–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2000.tb01100.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2012). Suicidal ideation and sexual orientation in college students: The roles of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and perceived rejection due to sexual orientation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42, 567–579. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00113.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Hirsch, J. K., Webb, J. R., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014). Daily hassles and suicide ideation in African American female suicide attempters: Moderating effect of spiritual well-being. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 17, 529–541. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2013.858682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Houry, D., Kemball, R., Rhodes, K. V., & Kaslow, N. J. (2006). Intimate partner violence and mental health symptoms in African American female ED patients. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 24, 444–450. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.12.026.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  33. Jesse, D. E., Walcott-McQuigg, J., Mariella, A., & Swanson, M. S. (2005). Risk and protective factors associated with symptoms of depression in low-income African American and Caucasian women during pregnancy. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 50, 405–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.05.001.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Joe, S., Baser, R. E., Breeden, G., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2006). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts among blacks in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 2112–2123. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.17.2112.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  35. Joe, S., Woolley, M. E., Brown, G. K., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in low-income African American suicide attempters. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 521–523. doi: 10.1080/00223890802248919.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  36. Joiner, T. E, Jr. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  37. Joiner, T. E, Jr., Van Orden, K. A., & Witte, T. K. (2009). The interpersonal theory of suicide: Guidance for working with suicidal clients. Washington: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Kaslow, N. J., Leiner, A. S., Reviere, S. L., Jackson, E., Bethea, K., Bhaju, J., et al. (2010). Suicidal, abused African American women’s response to a culturally-informed intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 449–458. doi: 10.1037/a0019692.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Kaslow, N. J., Price, A. W., Wyckoff, S., Bender, M., Sherry, A., Young, S., et al. (2004). Person factors associated with suicidal behavior among African American men and women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 5–22. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.10.1.5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Kaslow, N. J., Sherry, A., Bethea, K., Wyckoff, S., Compton, M., Bender, M., et al. (2005). Social risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in low income African American men and women. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 35, 400–412. doi: 10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.400.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Kaslow, N. J., Thompson, M., Meadows, L., Chance, S., Puett, R., Hollins, L., et al. (2000). Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women. Depression and Anxiety, 12, 13–20. doi: 10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1<13:AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-Y.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Kaslow, N. J., Thompson, M. P., Okun, A., Price, A., Young, S., Bender, M., et al. (2002). Risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior in abused African American women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 311–319. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.311.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Lamis, D. A., & Lester, D. (2012). Risk factors for suicidal ideation among African American and European American college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 337–349. doi: 10.1177/0361684312439186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Lawler-Row, K. A., & Elliott, J. (2009). The role of religious activity and spirituality in the health and well-being of older adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 43–52. doi: 10.1177/1359105308097944.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Leiner, A. S., Compton, M. T., Houry, D., & Kaslow, N. J. (2008). Intimate partner violence, psychological distress, and suicidality: A path model using data from African American women seeking care at an urban emergency department. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 473–481. doi: 10.1007/s10896-008-9174-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Marion, M. S., & Range, L. M. (2003). African American college women’s suicide buffers. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 33, 33–43. doi: 10.1521/suli.33.1.33.22780.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. McClain, C. S., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2003). Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Lancet, 361, 1603–1607. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13310-7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Meadows, L., & Kaslow, N. J. (2002). Hopelessness as mediator of the link between reports of a history of child maltreatment and suicidality in African American women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 657–674. doi: 10.1023/A:1020361311046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Meadows, L. A., Kaslow, N. J., Thompson, M. P., & Jurkovic, G. J. (2005). Protective factors against suicide attempt risk among African American women experiencing intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 109–121. doi: 10.1007/s10464-005-6236-3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Mitchell, M. D., Hargrove, G. L., Collins, M. H., Thompson, M. P., Reddick, T. L., & Kaslow, N. J. (2006). Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1503–1520. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20305.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Molock, S. D., Puri, R., Matlin, S., & Barksdale, C. (2006). Relationship between religious coping and suicidal behavior among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 366–389. doi: 10.1177/0095798406290466.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  52. Monod, S., Brennan, M., Rochat, E., Martin, E., Rochat, S., & Büla, C. J. (2011). Instruments measuring spirituality in clinical research: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26, 1345–1357. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1769-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  53. Muldoon, M., & King, N. J. (1995). Spirituality, health care, and bioethics. Journal of Religion and Health, 34, 329–349. doi: 10.1007/BF02248742.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Nad, S., Marcinko, D., Vuksan-Æusa, B., Jakovljevic, M., & Jakovljevic, G. (2008). Spiritual well-being, intrinsic religiosity, and suicidal behavior in predominantly Catholic Croatian war veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A case control study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 79–83. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815faa5f.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Nademin, E., Jobes, D. A., Pflanz, S. E., Jacoby, A. M., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Campise, R., et al. (2008). An investigation of interpersonal-psychological variables in air force suicides: A controlled-comparison study. Archives of Suicide Research, 12, 309–326. doi: 10.1080/13811110802324847.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Nsamenang, S. A., Webb, J. R., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013). Depressive symptoms and interpersonal needs as mediators of forgiveness and suicidal behavior among rural primary care patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 282–290. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.042.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. O’Keefe, V. M., Wingate, L. R., Tucker, R. P., Rhoades-Kerswill, S., Slish, M. L., & Davidson, C. L. (2014). Interpersonal suicide risk for American Indians: Investigating thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 61–67. doi: 10.1037/a0033540.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
  59. Paloutzian, R. E., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Manual for the spiritual well-being scale. Navack: Life Advance.Google Scholar
  60. Poussaint, A. F., & Alexander, A. (2000). Lay my burden down: Unraveling suicide and the mental health crisis among African Americans. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  61. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227. doi: 10.1080/00273170701341316.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Prince-Paul, M. (2008). Relationships among communicative acts, social well-being, and spiritual well-being on the quality of life at the end of life in patients with cancer enrolled in hospice. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11, 20–25. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2007.0119.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Rasmussen, K. A., & Wingate, L. R. (2011). The role of optimism in the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 41, 137–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00022.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Siefert, K., Williams, D. R., Finlayson, T. L., Delva, J., & Ismail, A. I. (2007). Modifiable risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms in low-income African American mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 113–123. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.113.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Steed, L. G. (2001). Further validity and reliability evidence for Beck Hopelessness Scale Scores in a nonclinical samples. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 303–316. doi: 10.1177/00131640121971121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Sulmasy, D. P. (2002). A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. Gerontologist, 42(3), 24–33. doi: 10.1093/geront/42.suppl_3.24.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Taliaferro, L. A., Rienzo, B. A., Pigg, R. M, Jr., Miller, M. B., & Dodd, V. J. (2009). Spiritual well-being and suicidal ideation among college students. Journal of American College Health, 58, 83–90. doi: 10.3200/jach.58.1.83-90.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Tyler, K. M., Boykin, A. W., Boelter, C. M., & Dilihunt, M. L. (2005). Examining mainstream and Afro-cultural value socialization in African American households. Journal of Black Psychology, 31, 291–310. doi: 10.1177/0095798405278199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Unterrainer, H.-F., Ladenhauf, K. H., Moazedi, M. L., Wallner-Liebmann, S. J., & Fink, A. (2010). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well-being and their relation to personality and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 192–197. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Utsey, S. O., Bolden, M., Lanier, Y., & Williams, O, I. I. I. (2007). Examining the role of culture-specific coping as a predictor of resilient outcomes in African Americans from high-risk urban communities. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 75–93. doi: 10.1177/0095798406295094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Utsey, S. O., Lee, A., Bolden, M. A., & Lanier, Y. (2005). A confirmatory test of the factor validity of scores on the spiritual well-being scale in a community sample of African Americans. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 33, 251–257. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.334.Google Scholar
  74. Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E, Jr. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24, 197–215. doi: 10.1037/a0025358.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E, Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117, 575–600. doi: 10.1037/a0018697.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  76. Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E, Jr. (2008a). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 72–83. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Van Orden, K., Witte, T. K., James, L. M., Castro, Y., Gordon, K. H., Braithwaite, S. R., et al. (2008b). Suicidal ideation in college students varies across semesters: The mediating role of belongingness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 427–435. doi: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.4.427.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Wong, Y. J., Koo, K., Tran, K. K., Chiu, Y.-C., & Mok, Y. (2011). Asian American college students’ suicide ideation: A mixed methods study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 197–209. doi: 10.1037/a0023040.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Woodward, E. N., Wingate, L. R., Gray, T. W., & Pantalone, D. W. (2014). Evaluating thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness as predictors of suicidal ideation in sexual minority adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 234–243. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Zhang, H., Neelarambam, K., Schwenke, T., Rhodes, M. N., Pittman, D., & Kaslow, N. J. (2013). Mediators of a culturally-sensitive intervention for suicidal African American women. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20, 401–414. doi: 10.1007/s10880-013-9373-0.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Ashly L. Gaskin-Wasson
    • 1
  • Kristin L. Walker
    • 2
  • Lilian J. Shin
    • 3
  • Nadine J. Kaslow
    • 4
  1. 1.Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurhamUSA
  2. 2.University of California at Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorLos AngelesUSA
  3. 3.University of California RiversideRiversideUSA
  4. 4.Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Grady HospitalEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaUSA

Personalised recommendations