Dentists as Oral Physicians: The Overlooked Primary Health Care Resource
- 654 Downloads
- 7 Citations
Abstract
The United States is currently experiencing a primary care shortage. One solution to improving health care is to increase the utilization of existing health care providers, particularly dentists, an opportunity that has been largely ignored. By employing mid-level providers for less complex procedures to deliver more accessible dental care at lower cost, dentists can redistribute tasks to their office workforce. They can then serve as oral physicians who can provide limited preventive primary care, including screening for chronic diseases, while continuing to oversee all dental care, whether provided by dentists or non-dentists. Thus, they could improve the health of the US population as well as increase access to dental care at lower cost, while partially alleviating the primary care shortage by filling a need for the screening aspects of primary care.
Keywords
Health care delivery Primary care Oral physician DentistryNotes
Acknowledgments
Partially funded by a grant from the Milton Fund of Harvard University.
References
- Abrose, E., Hord, A., & Simpson, W. (1976). A quality evaluation of specific dental services provided by the Saskatchewan dental plan. Regina: Province of Saskatchewan Department of Health.Google Scholar
- AMA Advocacy Research Center. (2010). Truth in advertising campaign. Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/arc/tia-campaign-resources.pdf.
- American Academy of Periodontology. (2000a). Parameter on periodontitis associated with systemic conditions. Journal of Periodontology, 71(5 Suppl), 876–879.Google Scholar
- American Academy of Periodontology. (2000b). Parameter on systemic conditions affected by periodontal diseases. Journal of Periodontology, 71(5 Suppl), 880–883.Google Scholar
- American Dental Association. (2007). Dentistry definitions. Retrieved April 10, 2012, from http://www.ada.org/2555.aspx.
- American Dental Association. (n.d.). State dental licensure for U.S. dentists. Retrieved April 6, 2012, from http://www.ada.org/492.aspx.
- American Dental Hygienists’ Association. (n.d.). The history of introducing a new provider in Minnesota: A chronicle of legislative efforts 2008–2009. Retrieved May 23, 2013, from http://www.adha.org/resources-docs/75113_Minnesota_Story.pdf.
- Anderson, N. K., Zionic, A., & Giddon, D. B. (2002). Regional similarities in attitudes of dentists toward eating disorders and expanded dental roles. Paper presented at the American Public Health Association 130th annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
- Anon. (2010). ADA Statement on the Kellogg Study of Alaska Dental Health Aide Therapist Program. Retrieved November 5, 2010, from http://www.ada.org/4394.aspx.
- Armstrong, M. J., Mottershead, T. A., Ronksley, P. E., Sigal, R. J., Campbell, T. S., & Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2011). Motivational interviewing to improve weight loss in overweight and/or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 12(9), 709–723.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Assael, L. (2012). Medical school-based education in dentistry: An exciting history and an opportune future. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 114(6), 669–670.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Averill, R. F., Mullin, R. L., Steinbeck, B. A., Goldfield, N. I., Grant, T. M., & Butler, R. R. (2009). Development of the ICD-10 procedure coding system. 3M HIS Research Report 1-09. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/downloads/598_final_report2009.pdf.
- Barbara Aved Associates. (2006). Challenging the dental profession: Recognizing and responding to family violence. Final report of the Dental Professionals Against Violence Program. April 2006. Retrieved from http://cdafoundation.org/Portals/0/pdfs/dpav_final_report.pdf.
- Beazoglou, T., Brown, L. J., Ray, S., Chen, L., & Lazar, V. (2009). An economic study of expanded duties of dental auxiliaries in Colorado. Dental Health Policy Analysis Series. Retrieved from http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/topics_economic_prod-2009.pdf.
- Berry, J. (2012). Science forum explores question of medical tests: Should dentists screen for medical conditions in their offices? Retrieved December 31, 2012, from www.ada.org/session/7834.aspx.
- Blackstock, O. J., King, J. R., Mason, R. D., Lee, C. C., & Mannheimer, S. B. (2010). Evaluation of a rapid HIV testing initiative in an urban, hospital-based dental clinic. Aids Patient Care and STDS, 24(12), 781–785.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bolin, K. A. (2008). Assessment of treatment provided by dental health aide therapists in Alaska: A pilot study. Journal of the American Dental Association, 139(11), 1530–1535. (discussion 1536–1539).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Occupational outlook handbook. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos072.htm.
- Campbell, H. S., Sletten, M., & Petty, T. (1999). Patient perceptions of tobacco cessation services in dental offices. Journal of the American Dental Association, 130(2), 219–226.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Campo, J., Cano, J., Del Romero, J., Hernando, V., Del Amo, J., & Moreno, S. (2011). Role of the dental surgeon in the early detection of adults with underlying HIV infection/AIDS. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal.Google Scholar
- Caralis, P. V., & Musialowski, R. (1997). Women’s experiences with domestic violence and their attitudes and expectations regarding medical care of abuse victims. Southern Medical Journal, 90(11), 1075–1080.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Health, United States, 2011. Table 98. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2011/098.pdf.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Health, United States, 2011. Table 97. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2011/097.pdf.
- Children’s Dental Health Project. (2010). House passes historic health care package. Retrieved July 9, 2011, from http://www.cdhp.org/press_release/house_passes_historic_health_care_package_0.
- Children’s Dental Health Project, 2010. Oral Health Provisions in the House Passed Health Reform Package (2011) Retrieved June 30, 2011, from http://www.cdhp.org/.
- Compilation of the Social Security Laws. (2013). Part E—Miscellaneous Provisions. DEFINITIONS OF SERVICES, INSTITUTIONS, ETC. [442].Sec. 1861. [42 U.S.C. 1395x].Google Scholar
- Cronholm, P. F., Fogarty, C. T., Ambuel, B., & Harrison, S. L. (2011). Intimate partner violence. American Family Physician, 83(10), 1165–1172.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- da Fonseca, M. A., Feigal, R. J., & ten Bensel, R. W. (1992). Dental aspects of 1,248 cases of child maltreatment on file at a major county hospital. Pediatric Dentistry, 14(3), 152–157.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Debate, R. D., & Tedesco, L. A. (2006). Increasing dentists’ capacity for secondary prevention of eating disorders: Identification of training, network, and professional contingencies. Journal of Dental Education, 70(10), 1066–1075.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Delta Dental of New Jersey. The PANDA Program. Retrieved May 23, 2013, from http://www.deltadentalnj.com/company/panda.html.
- Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). CMS Panual System: Pub 100-04 Medicare Claims Processing; Transmittal 2462. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Transmittals/downloads/R2462CP.pdf.
- Drobnik, A., Judd, C., Banach, D., Egger, J., Konty, K., & Rude, E. (2011). Public health implications of rapid hepatitis C screening with an oral swab for community-based organizations serving high-risk populations. American Journal of Public Health, 101(11), 2151–2155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Emmerling, H., & Standley, E. (2011). The midlevel: Alternative workforce models continue to develop in dentistry. RDH: The national magazine for dental hygiene professionals, 31(6). Retrieved from http://www.rdhmag.com/index/display/article-display/9942082128/articles/rdh/volume-31/issue-6/features/the-mid-level.html.
- Explaining Health Care Reform: Questions About Health Insurance Subsidies (2010). (7962-02). Retrieved from http://kff.org/healthreform/upload/7962-02.pdf.
- EZ Dental Codes Terminology Conference. (2012). EZ dental codes terminology conference. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.dentalezcodes.org/.
- FDA/NIH. (n.d.). Focus area 19: Nutrition and overweight. Final review of healthy people 2010. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hpdata2010/hp2010_final_review_focus_area_19.pdf.
- Feder, G. S., Hutson, M., Ramsay, J., & Taket, A. R. (2006). Women exposed to intimate partner violence: Expectations and experiences when they encounter health care professionals: A meta-analysis of qualitative studies. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(1), 22–37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ferguson, F. (2006). Interactive Web technology provides significant advantages in oral health education. School Nurse News, 23(5), 22–24.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ferguson, F. (2010). MySmileGuide™: An oral health management technology Retrieved December 31, 2012, from mysmileguide.com.
- Ferris, A. H., McAndrew, T. M., Shearer, D., Donnelly, G. F., & Miller, H. A. (2010). Embracing the convenient care concept. Postgraduate Medicine, 122(1), 7–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Formicola, A., Valachovic, R. W., Chmar, J. E., Mouradian, W., Bertolami, C. N., Tedesco, L., et al. (2008). Curriculum and clinical training in oral health for physicians and dentists: Report of panel 2 of the Macy study. Journal of Dental Education, 72(2 Suppl), 73–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fox, K. (2013). Who calls the shots? Illinois dentists advocate to administer flu and other vaccines. ADA News, April 1, 2013, 1, 8.Google Scholar
- Gaidos, S. (2011). A spitting image of health: How saliva can help doctors diagnose disease. Science News, 180(11), 26–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gallagher, J., Patel, R., Donaldson, N., & Wilson, N. (2007). The emerging dental workforce: Why dentistry? A quantitative study of final year dental students’ views on their professional career. BMC Oral Health, 7, 7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gary, C. J., & Glick, M. (2012). Medical clearance: An issue of professional autonomy, not a crutch. Journal of the American Dental Association, 143(11), 1180–1181.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Giddon, D. B. (2009). Re: Primary health care assessment and intervention in the dental office. Lamster IB, Wolf DL. (J Periodontol 2008;79:1825–1832). Primary care provided by periodontists/oral physicians. Journal of Periodontology, 80(2), 173–174.Google Scholar
- Giddon, D. B., Hertzman-Miller, R., Outlaw, J., Jayaratne, N., & Swann, B. (2012a). Evaluating training of oral physicians. Journal of Dental Research, 91[(Spec Iss A) abstract no. 623 (www.dentalresearch.org)].
- Giddon, D. B., & Howell, T. H, Jr. (2011). Dental specialists need to lead the way to becoming superordinate oral physicians. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 112(4), 414–415.Google Scholar
- Giddon, D. B., Seymour, B. A., Swann, B., Anderson, N. K., Jayaratne, Y. S., Outlaw, J., et al. (2012b). Innovative primary care training: The Cambridge Health Alliance oral physician program. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), e48–e49.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Giddon, D. B., Swann, B., Krupat, E., Outlaw, J., Jayaratne, N., & Anderson, N. K. (2013). Patient attitudes toward dentists/oral physicians providing limited preventive primary care (oral presentation), International Association of Dental Research, Seattle, WA, March 21, 2013 International Association for Dental Research. Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
- Giglio, J. A., & Laskin, D. M. (2010). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a group of adult patients seeking general dental care. Quintessence International, 41(5), 433–437.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gironda, M. W., Lefever, K. H., & Anderson, E. A. (2010). Dental students’ knowledge about elder abuse and neglect and the reporting responsibilities of dentists. Journal of Dental Education, 74(8), 824–829.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Glick, M., & Greenberg, B. L. (2005). The potential role of dentists in identifying patients’ risk of experiencing coronary heart disease events. Journal of the American Dental Association, 136(11), 1541–1546.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Glurich, I., Acharya, A., Shukla, S., Nycz, G., & Brilliant, M. (2013). The oral-systemic personalized medicine model at Marshfield Clinic. Oral Diseases, 19(1), 1–17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Greenberg, B. L., Glick, M., Frantsve, J., Kantor, M. L., Tricia, Q., Mark, M., et al. (2009). Patient attitudes on screening/monitoring of medical conditions by dentists. Journal of Dental Research, 88(Spec Iss A) (abstract number 2761) (www.dentalresearch.org).
- Greenberg, B. L., Glick, M., Frantsve-Hawley, J., & Kantor, M. L. (2010). Dentists’ attitudes toward chairside screening for medical conditions. Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(1), 52–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Greenberg, B. L., Glick, M., Goodchild, J., Duda, P. W., Conte, N. R., & Conte, M. (2007). Screening for cardiovascular risk factors in a dental setting. Journal of the American Dental Association, 138(6), 798–804.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Greenberg, B. L., Kantor, M. L., Jiang, S. S., & Glick, M. (2010). Physicians’ attitudes toward medical screening in a dental setting. Journal of Dental Research, 89(Spec Iss B) [abstract number 4931 (https://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2010barce/webprogram/Paper134631.html)].
- Greenberg, B. L., Kantor, M. L., Jiang, S. S., & Glick, M. (2012). Patients’ attitudes toward screening for medical conditions in a dental setting. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 72(1), 28–35.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Guideline on oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. (2008). Pediatric Dentistry, 30(7 Suppl), 86–89.Google Scholar
- Gurav, A. N. (2012). Periodontal therapy—An adjuvant for glycemic control. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 6(4), 218–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hancocks, S. (2012). Sawbones no longer? British Dental Journal, 212(8), 353.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harrison, L. (2011). Primary care enters the dentist’s office: An expert interview with Ira B. Lamster, DDS, MMSc. Retrieved July 12, 2011, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/739231.
- IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). (2011). Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable and underserved populations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
- Jessee, S. A. (1995). Orofacial manifestations of child abuse and neglect. American Family Physician, 52(6), 1829–1834.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kalenderian, E., Ramoni, R. L., White, J. M., Schoonheim-Klein, M. E., Stark, P. C., Kimmes, N. S., et al. (2011). The development of a dental diagnostic terminology. Journal of Dental Education, 75(1), 68–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F., Dickinson, H. O., Pienaar, E., Campbell, F., Schlesinger, C., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2), CD004148.Google Scholar
- Kitchener, M., & Mertz, E. (2012). Professional projects and institutional change in healthcare: The case of American dentistry. Social Science and Medicine, 74(3), 372–380. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.10.005.Google Scholar
- Lalla, E., Kunzel, C., Burkett, S., Cheng, B., & Lamster, I. (2011). Identification of unrecognized diabetes and pre-diabetes in a dental setting. Journal of Dental Research, 90(7), 855–860.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lalumandier, J. A., Pyle, M. A., & Sawyer, D. R. (1999). Public perception of DDS versus DMD degrees. Journal of the American College of Dentists, 66(3), 29–37.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lamster, I. B., & Wolf, D. L. (2008). Primary health care assessment and intervention in the dental office. Journal of Periodontology, 79(10), 1825–1832.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Le, B. T., Dierks, E. J., Ueeck, B. A., Homer, L. D., & Potter, B. F. (2001). Maxillofacial injuries associated with domestic violence. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 59(11), 1277–1283. (discussion 1283–1274).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee, J. M., Garon, E., & Wong, D. T. (2009). Salivary diagnostics. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 12(3), 206–211.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee, Y. H., & Wong, D. T. (2009). Saliva: An emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases. American Journal of Dentistry, 22(4), 241–248.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Long, R. G., Hlousek, L., & Doyle, J. L. (1998). Oral manifestations of systemic diseases. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 65(5–6), 309–315.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Loochtan, R. M., & Cole, R. M. (1991). Adolescent suicide in orthodontics: Results of a survey. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 100(2), 180–187.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Love, C., Gerbert, B., Caspers, N., Bronstone, A., Perry, D., & Bird, W. (2001). Dentists’ attitudes and behaviors regarding domestic violence. The need for an effective response. Journal of the American Dental Association, 132(1), 85–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Makino, M., Tusboi, J., & Dennerstein, L. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders: A comparison of Western and non-Western countries. Medscape General Medicine, 6(3). Retrieved from www.medscape.com/viewarticle/487413_3.
- Marciani, R. D., Raezer, B. F., & Marciani, H. L. (2004). Obesity and the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 98(1), 10–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martin, V. (2012). Get ready for the 2013 coding changes. Medical Economics (Dec 10), 31–43.Google Scholar
- McMenamin, S. B., Halpin, H. A., & Shade, S. B. (2008). Trends in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage for tobacco-dependence treatments. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(4), 321–326.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Miller, P. M., Ravenel, M. C., Shealy, A. E., & Thomas, S. (2006). Alcohol screening in dental patients: The prevalence of hazardous drinking and patients’ attitudes about screening and advice. Journal of the American Dental Association, 137(12), 1692–1698. (quiz 1730–1691).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mouden, L. D. (1998). The role for dental professionals in preventing child abuse and neglect. Journal—California Dental Association, 26(10), 737–739, 741–733.Google Scholar
- Nash, D. A. (2012). Envisioning an oral healthcare workforce for the future. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 40(Suppl 2), 141–147.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nassry, D. D., Phelan, J. A., Ghookasian, M., Barber, C. A., Norman, R. G., Lloyd, M. M., et al. (2012). Patient and provider acceptance of oral HIV screening in a dental school setting. Journal of Dental Education, 76, 1150–1155.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Neeley, W. W, 2nd, Kluemper, G. T., & Hays, L. R. (2006). Psychiatry in orthodontics. Part 1: Typical adolescent psychiatric disorders and their relevance to orthodontic practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(2), 176–184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nelms, A. P., Gutmann, M. E., Solomon, E. S., Dewald, J. P., & Campbell, P. R. (2009). What victims of domestic violence need from the dental profession. Journal of Dental Education, 73(4), 490–498.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peterson, J. A. (2007). Get moving! Physical activity counseling in primary care. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 19(7), 349–357.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pontikas, J., DeMaria, A., Jr., & Carrow, G. (2009). Request for Emergency Promulgation of Proposed Amendments to. Retrieved 08/14/2009, from http://www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/dph/regs/reg_vaccine_phc_memo.pdf.
- Raphael, S. L. (2010). General health screening as part of a periodontal examination. J Oral Microbiol, 2. doi: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5783.
- Reid, F., Murray, P., & Storrie, M. (2005). Implementation of a pharmacist-led clinic for hypertensive patients in primary care–a pilot study. Pharmacy World & Science, 27(3), 202–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reilly, V., & Cavanagh, M. (2003). The clinical and economic impact of a secondary heart disease prevention clinic jointly implemented by a practice nurse and pharmacist. Pharmacy World & Science, 25(6), 294–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ross Health Actuarial. (2005). The idea: Structural inferences from actuarial models. Retrieved from http://www.rosshealthactuarial.com/the_Idea_01_Structural_%20Inferences.pdf.
- Sanz, M., Treasure, E., van Dijk, W., Feldman, C., Groeneveld, H., Kellett, M., et al. (2008). Profile of the dentist in the oral healthcare team in countries with developed economies. European Journal of Dental Education, 12(Suppl 1), 101–110.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Spielman, A. I., Fulmer, T., Eisenberg, E. S., & Alfano, M. C. (2005). Dentistry, nursing, and medicine: A comparison of core competencies. Journal of Dental Education, 69(11), 1257–1271.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Starfield, B., Shi, L., & Macinko, J. (2005). Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Quarterly, 83(3), 457–502.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stead, L. F., Bergson, G., & Lancaster, T. (2008). Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), CD000165.Google Scholar
- Steinbrook, R. (2009). Easing the shortage in adult primary care–is it all about money? New England Journal of Medicine, 360(26), 2696–2699.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sullivan, L. W. (2012). April 9. Dental insurance, but no dentists (p. A21). New York Times: Op-ed piece.Google Scholar
- Taxin, C. (n.d.). Links2Success Dental Management & Consulting Service. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from www.Links2Success.biz.
- The Art of Practice Management. (n.d.). Retrieved December 27, 2012, from www.artofpracticemanagement.com.
- Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Research in Brief. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2010). Key features of the Affordable Care Act, by year. Retrieved May 6, 2013, from http://www.healthcare.gov/law/timeline/full.html.
- Victoroff, K. Z., Lewis, R., Ellis, E., & Ntragatakis, M. (2006). Patient receptivity to tobacco cessation counseling in an academic dental clinic: A patient survey. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 66(3), 209–211.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ward, R. E., Jamison, P. L., & Allanson, J. E. (2000). Quantitative approach to identifying abnormal variation in the human face exemplified by a study of 278 individuals with five craniofacial syndromes. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 91(1), 8–17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilder, R. S., O’Donnell, J. A., Barry, J. M., Galli, D. M., Hakim, F. F., Holyfield, L. J., et al. (2008). Is dentistry at risk? A case for interprofessional education. Journal of Dental Education, 72(11), 1231–1237.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Willumsen, T., & Graugaard, P. K. (2005). Dental fear, regularity of dental attendance and subjective evaluation of dental erosion in women with eating disorders. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113(4), 297–302.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yeh, C. K., Christodoulides, N. J., Floriano, P. N., Miller, C. S., Ebersole, J. L., Weigum, S. E., et al. (2010). Current development of saliva/oral fluid-based diagnostics. Texas Dental Journal, 127(7), 651–661.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zheng, J. W., Zhang, S. Y., Yang, C., Guo, L., Shen, G. F., Feng, X. P., et al. (2013). Current undergraduate and postgraduate dental education in China. Journal of Dental Education, 77(1), 72–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar