Abstract
This longitudinal study of children enrolled as infants in the New York State (NYS) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) examined predictors of obesity (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile) at 3 years of age. NYS WIC administrative data which included information from parent interviews and measured heights and weights for children were used. All 50,589 children enrolled as infants in WIC between July to December 2008 and July to December 2009 and retained in WIC through age three were included. At 3 years of age, 15.1 % of children were obese. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that children of mothers who received the Full Breastfeeding Food Package when their infant was enrolled in WIC (adjusted OR = 0.52) and children with ≤2 h screen time daily at age 3 (adjusted OR = 0.88) were significantly less likely to be obese (p < 0.001) controlling for race/ethnicity, birth weight, and birthplace. In this cohort of NYS WIC participants, maternal receipt of the Full Breastfeeding Food Package (a surrogate measure of exclusive breastfeeding) is associated with lower levels of obesity in their children at age 3. The relationships between participation in WIC, exclusive breastfeeding, and obesity prevention merit further study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA, 311(8), 806–814.
Dattilo, A. M., Birch, L., Krebs, N. F., Lake, A., Taveras, E. M., & Saavedra, J. M. (2012). Need for early interventions in the prevention of pediatric overweight: A review and upcoming directions. Journal of Obesity, 2012, 123023.
Gillman, M. W., & Ludwig, D. S. (2013). How early should obesity prevention start? New England Journal of Medicine, 369(23), 2173–2175.
Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W., Kleinman, K. P., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Rifas-Shiman, S. L. (2013). Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity: The role of early life risk factors. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(8), 731–738.
WIC Program Participation and Costs. http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/wisummary.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2015.
WIC Food Packages. (2005). Time for a Change. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.
Hanson, K., & Oliveira, J. (2009). Economic linkages between the WIC Program and the farm sector. USDA/ERS. Economic Brief No. 12. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Davison, K. K., Edmunds, L. S., Wyker, B. A., Young, L. M., Sarfoh, V. S., & Sekhobo, J. P. (2011). Feasibility of increasing childhood outdoor play and decreasing television viewing through a family-based intervention in WIC, New York State, 2007–2008. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(3), A54.
Sekhobo, J. P., Egglefield, K., Edmunds, L. S., & Shackman, G. (2012). Evidence of the adoption and implementation of a statewide childhood obesity prevention initiative in the New York State WIC Program: The NY Fit WIC process evaluation. Health Education Research, 27(2), 281–291.
Chiasson, M. A., Findley, S. E., Sekhobo, J. P., et al. (2013). Changing WIC changes what children eat. Obesity (Silver Spring), 21(7), 1423–1429.
Andreyeva, T., & Luedicke, J. (2013). Federal food package revisions: Effects on purchases of whole-grain products. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(4), 422–429.
Andreyeva, T., Luedicke, J., Henderson, K. E., & Schwartz, M. B. (2014). The positive effects of the revised milk and cheese allowances in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(4), 622–630.
Andreyeva, T., Luedicke, J., Tripp, A. S., & Henderson, K. E. (2013). Effects of reduced juice allowances in food packages for the women, infants, and children program. Pediatrics, 131(5), 919–927.
Kong, A., Odoms-Young, A. M., Schiffer, L. A., et al. (2014). The 18-month impact of special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children food package revisions on diets of recipient families. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(6), 543–551.
Odoms-Young, A. M., Kong, A., Schiffer, L. A., et al. (2014). Evaluating the initial impact of the revised Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages on dietary intake and home food availability in African-American and Hispanic families. Public Health Nutrition, 17(1), 83–93.
Whaley, S. E., Ritchie, L. D., Spector, P., & Gomez, J. (2012). Revised WIC food package improves diets of WIC families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44(3), 204–209.
Crespi, C. M., Alfonso, V. H., Whaley, S. E., & Wang, M. C. (2012). Validity of child anthropometric measurements in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Pediatric Research, 71(3), 286–292.
A SAS Program for the CDC Growth Charts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/resources/sas.htm. Accessed 8 July 2015.
Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Reinold, C., Krebs, N. F. (2010). Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0–59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 59(RR-9), 1–15.
Colen, C. G., & Ramey, D. M. (2014). Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons. Social Science and Medicine, 109, 55–65.
Jenkins, J. M., & Foster, E. M. (2014). The effects of breastfeeding exclusivity on early childhood outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 104(Suppl 1), S128–S135.
Metzger, M. W., & McDade, T. W. (2010). Breastfeeding as obesity prevention in the United States: A sibling difference model. American Journal of Human Biology, 22(3), 291–296.
Ong, K. K., Preece, M. A., Emmett, P. M., Ahmed, M. L., Dunger, D. B., & Team, A. S. (2002). Size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast-feeding: Longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatric Research, 52(6), 863–867.
O’Tierney, P. F., Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Kajantie, E., & Eriksson, J. G. (2009). Duration of breast-feeding and adiposity in adult life. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2), 422S–425S.
Gillman, M. W., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Berkey, C. S., et al. (2006). Breast-feeding and overweight in adolescence: Within-family analysis [corrected]. Epidemiology, 17(1), 112–114.
Campbell, L. A., Wan, J., Speck, P. M., & Hartig, M. T. (2014). Women, Infant and Children (WIC) peer counselor contact with first time breastfeeding mothers. Public Health Nursing, 31(1), 3–9.
Langellier, B. A., Chaparro, M. P., Wang, M. C., Koleilat, M., & Whaley, S. E. (2014). The new food package and breastfeeding outcomes among women, infants, and children participants in Los Angeles County. American Journal of Public Health, 104(Suppl 1), S112–S118.
Wilde, P., Wolf, A., Fernandes, M., & Collins, A. (2012). Food-package assignments and breastfeeding initiation before and after a change in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(3), 560–566.
Dennison, B. A., Edmunds, L. S., Stratton, H. H., & Pruzek, R. M. (2006). Rapid infant weight gain predicts childhood overweight. Obesity (Silver Spring)., 14(3), 491–499.
Taveras, E. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Belfort, M. B., Kleinman, K. P., Oken, E., & Gillman, M. W. (2009). Weight status in the first 6 months of life and obesity at 3 years of age. Pediatrics, 123(4), 1177–1183.
Acknowledgments
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Statewide Evaluations of Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies and the New York State Health Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chiasson, M.A., Scheinmann, R., Hartel, D. et al. Predictors of Obesity in a Cohort of Children Enrolled in WIC as Infants and Retained to 3 Years of Age. J Community Health 41, 127–133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0077-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0077-2