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Chemical processing within and above a loblolly pine forest in North Carolina, USA

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Abstract

Hydrocarbon species and related meteorological and chemical variables were measured within and immediately above a loblolly pine forest in North Carolina, USA during 15–18 July 2003. The degree of photochemical processing within the forest canopy of biogenic hydrocarbons emitted at the foliage level is investigated with the aid of a one-dimensional photochemical model. Such in-canopy photochemical processes remain poorly understood largely due to limited observations of plant-emitted gases, chemical reactions, and yields of photochemical reactions inside plant canopies. These hydrocarbons are vented into the overlying atmospheric boundary layer and participate in regional-scale photochemical processes. At the forested site, isoprene was the dominant sink for hydroxyl radicals and ozone precursor among all the volatile organic compounds. Abundances of many hydrocarbons peaked in the early morning and late afternoon/early evening due to local emissions, while reaching minima at mid-day due to intense turbulent mixing and vigorous photochemistry. Methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, which were produced mostly from isoprene oxidation, had elevated mixing ratios during noontime in addition to maximum levels in the early morning and early evening. Abundances of species with dominant biogenic origin (e.g., isoprene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene) were higher within the canopy than above the forest. For the species produced in the atmospheric boundary layer due to photochemical reactions, abundances residing away from the canopy were higher than those just above the canopy in response to photochemical production and/or transport associated with advection. Within the forest canopy photochemical reactions destroyed approximately 10 % of the locally emitted isoprene. Chemically more reactive species such as limonene experienced greater rates of removal in response to in-canopy chemical processing. Model sensitivity studies indicated that nitrogen oxides limited the formation of oxidants at the forested study site.

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Notes

  1. NOX = nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

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Acknowledgments

The Pennsylvania State University provided support to XH to participate in this research. JDF received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant number ATM 0939455) to partake in this research. Three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73072, USA

    Xiao-Ming Hu

  2. Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Jose D. Fuentes

  3. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Darin Toohey

  4. Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Daniel Wang

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  1. Xiao-Ming Hu
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  2. Jose D. Fuentes
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  4. Daniel Wang
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Correspondence to Xiao-Ming Hu.

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Hu, XM., Fuentes, J.D., Toohey, D. et al. Chemical processing within and above a loblolly pine forest in North Carolina, USA. J Atmos Chem 72, 235–259 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-013-9276-3

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