Seasonal dynamics of seawater CO2 system at a coastal site near the southern tip of Izu Peninsula, Japan

Journal of Oceanography volume 76, pages227–242(2020)Cite this article

Abstract

To elucidate how variables of the seawater CO2 system in surface waters have been changing seasonally and the mechanisms responsible for these changes in the area off the south coast of central Honshu Island, Japan, we made time-series measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), inorganic macronutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations as well as temperature and salinity at a near-shore station off Shimoda city near the southern tip of the Izu Peninsula over 19 months from November 2011 to June 2013. The oceanographic setting in our study site is characterized by seasonal stratification, low salinity in summer, and well-mixed water column in winter. A large bloom of phytoplankton developed in spring, thereafter nutrients were depleted within the mixed layer in summer. DIC exhibited large seasonal variations and ranged from 1967 µmol kg−1 in summer to 2073 µmol kg−1 in winter when normalized to a salinity of 35, because of biological production in the spring and summer and vertical mixing in autumn and winter, as shown by multiple regression analysis in which variations of normalized DIC (nDIC) are estimated from variations in temperature (13.3–25.5 °C) and chlorophyll concentrations (0.27–3.9 μg l−1). We observed a decrease of TA due to dilution by precipitation and river runoff in summer and a trend of salinity-normalized TA increase over time. The saturation state of the calcium carbonate mineral aragonite Ωarg varied seasonally from 2.40 in winter to 3.58 in summer. The Ωarg in the present study was calculated using DIC, TA, temperature and salinity, and we applied sensitivity analysis for these parameters. Ωarg was predominantly controlled by the large variations of DIC. The combination of these results from the station off Shimoda and from an offshore station at 34° N, 137° E to the west allow us to predict Ωarg with high precision for temporal and spatial variations. It suggests that in winter, there is a meridional gradient of Ωarg in the region off the southern coast of central Honshu Island, with considerably lower Ωarg in the coastal zone.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

References

  1. Albright R, Langdon C, Anthony KRN (2013) Dynamics of seawater carbonate chemistry, production, and calcification of a coral reef flat, central Great Barrier Reef. Biogeosciences 10:6747–6758. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6747-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Amiotte Suchet P, Probst J-L, Ludwig W (2003) Worldwide distribution of continental rock lithology: implications for the atmospheric/soil CO2 uptake by continental weathering and alkalinity river transport to the oceans. Glob Biogeochem Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Anthony KRN, Kline DI, Diaz-Pulido G et al (2008) Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:17442–17446. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804478105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ara K, Fukuyama S, Tashiro M, Hiromi J (2011) Seasonal and year-on-year variability in chlorophyll a and microphytoplankton assemblages for 9 years (2001–2009) in the neritic area of Sagami Bay, Japan. Plankton Benthos Res 6:158–174. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.6.158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ara K, Hiromi J (2008) Temporal variability and characterization of physicochemical properties in the neritic area of Sagami Bay, Japan. J Oceanogr 64:195–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0015-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Baki MA, Motegi C, Shibata A et al (2009) Temporal changes in chlorophyll a concentrations and bacterial, viral, and heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundances in the coastal zone of Sagami Bay, Japan: implications of top-down and bottom-up effects. Coast Mar Sci 33:29–38

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barkley RA (1970) The Kuroshio current. Sci J 6:54–60

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bode A, Castro CG, Doval MD, Varela M (2002) New and regenerated production and ammonium regeneration in the western Bransfield Strait region (Antarctica) during phytoplankton bloom conditions in summer. Deep Sea Res Part II 49:787–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00124-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Brewer PG, Goldman JC (1976) Alkalinity changes generated by phytoplankton growth1. Limnol Oceanogr 21:108–117. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1976.21.1.0108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Britton D, Cornwall CE, Revill AT et al (2016) Ocean acidification reverses the positive effects of seawater pH fluctuations on growth and photosynthesis of the habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425:365–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ciais P, Chris S, Govindasamy B, et al (2013) Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, pp 465–570

  13. Cornwall CE, Hepburn CD, McGraw CM et al (2013) Diurnal fluctuations in seawater pH influence the response of a calcifying macroalga to ocean acidification. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280:20132201–20132201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dickson AG, Sabine CL, Christian JR (2007) Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements. North Pacific Marine Science Organization

  15. Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (2009) Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Annu Rev Mar Sci 1:169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dumousseaud C, Achterberg EP, Tyrrell T et al (2010) Contrasting effects of temperature and winter mixing on the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the carbonate system in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Biogeosciences 7:1481–1492. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1481-2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Eberlein T, Wohlrab S, Rost B et al (2017) Effects of ocean acidification on primary production in a coastal North Sea phytoplankton community. PLoS ONE 12:e0172594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fabry VJ, Seibel BA, Feely RA, Orr JC (2008) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J Mar Sci 65:414–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Foltz GR (2003) Seasonal mixed layer heat budget of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gong X, Shi J, Gao HW, Yao XH (2015) Steady-state solutions for subsurface chlorophyll maximum in stratified water columns with a bell-shaped vertical profile of chlorophyll. Biogeosciences 12:905–919. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-905-2015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hagiwara N, Senga Y, Niki M, Sugimoto T (2011) Appearance characteristics of coccolithphores in suruga bay. J Japan Soc Civ Eng Ser. https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.67.I_871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Martin S et al (2008) Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hama T, Inoue T, Suzuki R et al (2016) Response of a phytoplankton community to nutrient addition under different CO2 and pH conditions. J Oceanogr 72:207–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0322-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hama T, Kawashima S, Shimotori K et al (2012) Effect of ocean acidification on coastal phytoplankton composition and accompanying organic nitrogen production. J Oceanogr 68:183–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0084-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hansen HP, Koroleff F (2007) Determination of nutrients. Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley, New York, pp 159–228

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hauri C, Gruber N, Vogt M et al (2013) Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California current system. Biogeosciences 10:193–216. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hofmann GE, Smith JE, Johnson KS et al (2011) High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: a multi-ecosystem comparison. PLoS ONE 6:e28983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hu C, Lee Z, Franz B (2012) Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: a novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference. J Geophys Res Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/. Accessed 10 Jan 2019

  30. Ishii M, Inoue HY, Matsueda H et al (2001) Seasonal variation in total inorganic carbon and its controlling processes in surface waters of the western North Pacific subtropical gyre. Mar Chem 75:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00023-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ishii M, Kosugi N, Sasano D et al (2011) Ocean acidification off the south coast of Japan: a result from time series observations of CO2 parameters from 1994 to 2008. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jiang Z-P, Tyrrell T, Hydes DJ et al (2014) Variability of alkalinity and the alkalinity-salinity relationship in the tropical and subtropical surface ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 28:729–742. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. JMA (2019) Japan Meteorological Agency | Data of Oceanographic and Marine Meteorological Observation | Oceanographic Section Time-series Dataset in the 137° E section. https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/mar_env/results/OI/137E_OI_e.html. Accessed 4 Jul 2019

  34. Kai M, Hara T, Aoyama H, Kuroda N (1999) A massive coccolithophorid bloom observed in Mikawa bay, Japan. J Oceanogr 55:395–406. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007806500053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kamatani A, Ogura N, Nakamoto N et al (1981) Distribution of nutrients in Sagami Bay during 1971–1973. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 47:1493–1498. https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.47.1493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kamatani A, Oku O, Maeda M, Yamada Y (2000) The distribution and fate of nutrients in Sagami Bay. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 66:70–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kerswell AP (2006) Global biodiversity patterns of benthic marine algae. Ecology 87:2479–2488. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2479:GBPOBM]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kinoshita J, Kon I, Miyahara T (2002) Characteristics of nutritional variations in the Odawara sea area of the Sagami Bay Deep seawater. Deep Ocean Water Res 3:7–13

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R et al (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Change Biol 19:1884–1896. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kurihara Y (2006) Global daily sea surface temperature analysis using data from satellite microwave radiometer, satellite infrared radiometer and in-situ observations. Weather Serv Bull 73:s1–s18

    Google Scholar 

  41. Le Quéré C, Peters GP, Andres RJ et al (2014) Global carbon budget 2013. Earth Syst Sci Data 6:235–263. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-235-2014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lueker TJ, Dickson AG, Keeling CD (2000) Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2: validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar Chem 70:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00022-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Makino A, Yamano H, Beger M et al (2014) Spatio-temporal marine conservation planning to support high-latitude coral range expansion under climate change. Divers Distrib 20:859–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Martiny AC, Pham CTA, Primeau FW et al (2013a) Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter. Nat Geosci 6:279–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Martiny AC, Vrugt JA, Primeau FW, Lomas MW (2013b) Regional variation in the particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratio in the surface ocean: upper ocean C:N ratio. Global Biogeochem Cycles 27:723–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. McNeil BI, Matear RJ (2008) Southern Ocean acidification: a tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:18860–18864. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806318105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Michaelidis B, Spring A, Pörtner HO (2007) Effects of long-term acclimation to environmental hypercapnia on extracellular acid–base status and metabolic capacity in Mediterranean fish Sparus aurata. Mar Biol 150:1417–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0436-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Mie Prefectural Government (2014) Engan Teisen Kansoku. https://www.pref.mie.lg.jp/common/05/ci600012645.htm. Accessed 7 Jan 2019

  49. Miyaguchi H, Fujiki T, Kikuchi T et al (2006) Relationship between the bloom of Noctiluca scintillans and environmental factors in the coastal waters of Sagami Bay, Japan. J Plankton Res 28:313–324. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Miyashita M (2005) Bi-weekly to seasonal variability of Satellite-derived chlorophyll a distribution: controlling factors in the ocean south of Honshu Island. J Remote Sens Soc Japan 25:169–178. https://doi.org/10.11440/rssj1981.25.169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Mucci A (1983) The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure. Am J Sci 283:780–799. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.283.7.780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Omote J, Hatanaka T (2011) Determination of fluorescence Chlorophyll a concentration in Kumanonada bays. Research reports Kinki University Technical 69–77

  53. Pierrot, Wallace, Lewis, et al (2011) MS excel program developed for CO2 system calculations. https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.co2sys_xls_cdiac105a

  54. Pörtner HO, Langenbuch M, Reipschläger A (2004) Biological impact of elevated ocean CO2 concentrations: lessons from animal physiology and earth history. J Oceanogr 60:705–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-004-5763-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Prentice IC, Farquhar GD, Fasham MJR, et al (2001) The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide—IPCC. In: Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press

  56. R Core Team (2018) R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/. Accessed 31 Dec 2018

  57. Riebesell U, Schulz KG, Bellerby RGJ et al (2007) Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean. Nature 450:545–548. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Rivest EB, Hofmann GE (2014) Responses of the metabolism of the larvae of Pocillopora damicornis to Ocean acidification and warming. PLoS ONE 9:e96172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Saito S, Ishii M, Midorikawa T (2008) Precise spectrophotometric measurement of seawater pHT with an automated apparatus using a flow cell in a closed circuit. Technical Reports of the MRI 57:

  60. Sambrotto RN, Savidge G, Robinson C et al (1993) Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean. Nature 363:248–250. https://doi.org/10.1038/363248a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Sassa C, Kawaguchi K, Oozeki Y et al (2004) Distribution patterns of larval myctophid fishes in the transition region of the western North Pacific. Mar Biol 144:417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1214-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Schneider A, Wallace DWR, Körtzinger A (2007) Alkalinity of the Mediterranean Sea. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sugisaki H, Nonaka M, Isizaki S et al (2010) Status and trends of the Kuroshio region, 2003–2008. North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  64. Taguchi F, Fujiwara T, Yamada Y et al (2009) Alkalinity in coastal seas around Japan. Bull Coast Oceanogr 47:71–75

    Google Scholar 

  65. Takatani Y, Enyo K, Iida Y et al (2014) Relationships between total alkalinity in surface water and sea surface dynamic height in the Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans 119:2806–2814. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Thomas H, Ittekkot V, Osterroht C, Schneider B (1999) Preferential recycling of nutrients-the ocean’s way to increase new production and to pass nutrient limitation? Limnol Oceanogr 44:1999–2004. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.8.1999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tittensor DP, Mora C, Jetz W et al (2010) Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. Nature 466:1098–1101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Urakawa LS, Kurogi M, Yoshimura K, Hasumi H (2015) Modeling low salinity waters along the coast around Japan using a high-resolution river discharge dataset. J Oceanogr 71:715–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0314-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Veron JEN, Minchin PR (1992) Correlations between sea surface temperature, circulation patterns and the distribution of hermatypic corals of Japan. Cont Shelf Res 12:835–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90047-N

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. WMO (2016) WMO WDCGG (World Data Centre for Greenhous Gases) Data Summary, 41. https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/publications/summary. Accessed 8 Jan 2019

  71. Yamano H, Sugihara K, Nomura K (2011) Rapid poleward range expansion of tropical reef corals in response to rising sea surface temperatures. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Yao W, Byrne RH (1998) Simplified seawater alkalinity analysis: Use of linear array spectrometers. Deep Sea Res Part I 45:1383–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00018-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Yara Y, Vogt M, Fujii M et al (2012) Ocean acidification limits temperature-induced poleward expansion of coral habitats around Japan. Biogeosciences 9:4955–4968. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4955-2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Yokouchi K, Tsuda A, Kuwata A et al (2007) Chapter 3 simulated in situ measurements of primary production in Japanese waters. In: Kawahata H, Awaya Y (eds) Elsevier oceanography series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 65–480

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all members of the staff of the Shimoda Marine Research Center for their valuable assistance during the times-series measurements. In particular, we thank technical staff members Mr. Y. Tsuchiya, Mr. T. Sato, H. Shinagawa, and Y. Yamada for their skillful support in the field sampling. This study was financially supported by the Japanese Association for Marine Biology (JAMBIO), grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (242410101), and the Global Environmental Research Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (4RF-1701).

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan

    Shigeki Wada

  2. Oceanography and Geochemistry Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan

    Masao Ishii, Naohiro Kosugi & Daisuke Sasano

  3. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

    Wakana Matsushita

  4. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

    Yuko Omori & Takeo Hama

  5. Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8122, Japan

    Daisuke Sasano

  6. Faculty of Economics, Dokkyo University, Souka, Saitama, 340-0042, Japan

    Takeo Hama

Authors
  1. Shigeki Wada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Masao Ishii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Naohiro Kosugi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daisuke Sasano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wakana Matsushita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuko Omori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Takeo Hama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shigeki Wada.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 320 kb)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 23 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wada, S., Ishii, M., Kosugi, N. et al. Seasonal dynamics of seawater CO2 system at a coastal site near the southern tip of Izu Peninsula, Japan. J Oceanogr 76, 227–242 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00541-x

Download citation

Keywords

  • CO2 system
  • Calcium carbonate saturation state
  • Coastal zone
  • Seasonal variability
  • South coast of central honshu