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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Crystalline growth of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods and their development as an electrochemical sensor for selective detection of vitamin C

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Abstract

Tungstate nanorods (WO3 -NRs) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using sodium tungstate as a precursor while sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid were used as stabilizing agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed outstanding growth of WO3-NRs with uniform surface morphology. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the purity and crystalline nature of the synthesized material. The material was further characterized by different tools such as TEM, EDX, FTIR, XPS, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. For the electrochemical response of WO3-NRs, cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed for the detection of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). The designed sensor shows a limit of detection of 0.56 µM and higher selectivity in the presence of its structural and functional analogs such as uric acid and lauric acid. Improved sensing properties of WO3-NRs are attributed to the synergistic effects involving the quantum effect, high surface area, fast electron transfer, and highly ordered 1-D nanostructure. Among them, the highly arranged 1-D growth of WO3 nanorods has a greater impact on the efficiency of the biosensor. These results provide a new insight for the synthesis of 1-D nanostructures of transition metal oxides for contributions in sensor devices, solar cells, and capacitor applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanobiotech, Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P.O. Box. 577, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ikram

  2. Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China

    Muhammad M. Sajid

  3. Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Yasir Javed & Kanwal Akhtar

  4. Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Amir M. Afzal

  5. Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea

    Naveed A. Shad

  6. Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Moon Sajid & Hasnat Aslam

  7. Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University-Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Imran Yousaf

  8. Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil

    Surender Kumar Sharma

  9. Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Surender Kumar Sharma

  10. Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Tousif Hussain

  11. HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan

    Dilshad Hussain

  12. Department of Physics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Aamir Razaq

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Ikram, M., Sajid, M.M., Javed, Y. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Crystalline growth of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods and their development as an electrochemical sensor for selective detection of vitamin C. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 6344–6357 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05351-5

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