Journal of Family and Economic Issues

, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp 18–28 | Cite as

Does Self-control Predict Wealth Creation Among Young Baby Boomers?

Original Paper

Abstract

Why similar people have different patterns of wealth accumulation is puzzling. The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis indicates self-control is an important aspect of household saving behavior. This study investigated if household wealth creation from 1994 to 2008 could be predicted by self-control among a sample of young baby boomers using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) data. Variables that significantly predicted 2008 net worth included homeownership, 1994 net worth, income, bankruptcy filing, inheritance, education level, race, marital status, children, retirement planning activities, locus of control, and self-mastery. The addition of self-control predictors to a regression model improved the model’s ability to predict net worth by 1.3 % above and beyond the human capital, financial status, and demographic predictor variables. In total, the model explained 60 % of the variance in net worth. Findings indicated that individuals who invested in their human capital, were homeowners, and had higher self-control, accumulated more wealth.

Keywords

Behavioral life-cycle Self-control Wealth Baby boomers 

References

  1. Ameriks, J., Caplin, A., & Leahy, J. (2003). Wealth accumulation and the propensity to plan. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(3), 1007–1047. doi: 10.1162/00335530360698487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Ameriks, J., Caplin, A., Leahy, J., & Tyler, T. (2004). Measuring self-control. NBER Working Paper No. 10514. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w10514.
  3. Ameriks, J., Caplin, A., Leahy, J., & Tyler, T. (2007). Measuring self-control problems. The American Economic Review, 97(3), 966–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Ando, A., & Modigliani, F. (1963). The “life-cyle” hypothesis of saving: Aggregate implications and tests. The American Economic Review, 53(1), 55–84.Google Scholar
  5. Avery, R., & Kennickell, A. (1991). Household saving in the U.S. Review of Income and Wealth, 37(4), 409–432. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00381.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Banks, J., & Oldfield, Z. (2007). Understanding pensions: Cognitive function, numerical ability and retirement saving. Fiscal Studies, 28(2), 143–170. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-5890.2007.00052.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bernheim, B., Skinner, J., & Weinberg, S. (2001). What accounts for the variation in retirement wealth among U.S. households? The American Economic Review, 91(4), 832–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Beverly, S. G., McBride, A. M., & Schreiner, M. (2003). A framework of asset-accumulation stages and strategies. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 24(2), 143–156. doi: 10.1023/A:1023662823816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Börsch-Supan, A. (1992). Saving and consumption patterns of the elderly. Journal of Population Economics, 5(4), 289–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Chang, Y. (1994). Saving behavior of U.S. households in the 1980s: Results from the 1983 and 1986 Survey of Consumer Finance. Financial Counseling and Planning, 5, 45–64.Google Scholar
  11. Chatterjee, S., Finke, M., & Harness, N. (2009). Individual wealth management: Does self-esteem matter? Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 10(2), 11–24.Google Scholar
  12. Cho, J., & Lee, J. (2006). An integrated model of risk and risk-reducing strategies. Journal of Business Research, 59(1), 112–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.03.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Dynan, K., Skinner, J., & Zeldes, S. (2004). Do the rich save more? Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 397–444. doi: 10.1086/381475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Finke, M. S., Huston, S. J., & Sharpe, D. L. (2006). Balance sheets of early boomers: Are they different from pre-boomers? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 27(3), 542–561. doi: 10.1007/s10834-006-9026-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Glaeser, E. L., & Mare, D. C. (2001). Cities and skills. Journal of Labor Economics, 19(2), 316–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Gottschalck, A., Vornovytskyy, M., & Smith, A. (2012). Household wealth in the U. S.: 2000 to 2011. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/people/wealth/files/WealthHighlights2011.pdf.
  17. Grafova, I. B. (2007). Your money or your life: Managing health, managing money. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28(2), 285–303. doi: 10.1007/s10834-007-9060-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006). The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(3), 411–482. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/504455.
  19. Helman, R., Adams, N., Copeland, C., & VanDerhei, J. (2013, March). The 2013 Retirement Confidence Survey: Perceived savings needs outpace reality for many. Issue Brief, March, 2013.Google Scholar
  20. Helman, R., Adams, N., Copeland, C., & VanDerhei, J. (2014, March). The 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence rebounds—for those with retirement plans. Issue Brief, March, 2014.Google Scholar
  21. Helman, R., Copeland, C., & VanDerhei, J. (2010, March). The 2010 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence stabilizing, but preparations continue to Erode. Issue Brief, March, 2010.Google Scholar
  22. Helman, R., Copeland, C., & VanDerhei, J. (2011, March). The 2011 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence drops to record lows, reflecting the new normal. Issue Brief, March, 2011.Google Scholar
  23. Helman, R., Copeland, C., & VanDerhei, J. (2012, March). The 2012 Retirement Confidence Survey: Job insecurity, debt weigh on retirement confidence, savings. Issue Brief, March, 2012.Google Scholar
  24. Hira, T., Fitzsimmons, V., Hafstrom, J., & Bauer, J. (1993). Factors associated with expectation of household’s future financial condition. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 14(3), 237–256. doi: 10.1007/bf01022179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Jappelli, T. (2012). The life-cycle hypothesis, fiscal policy and social security. PSL Quarterly Review, 58(233), 173–186.Google Scholar
  26. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
  27. Krueger, N, Jr, & Dickson, P. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385–400. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb00810.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and an interpreation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 573–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2007). Baby Boomer retirement security: The roles of planning, financial literacy, and housing wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(1), 205–224. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2006.12.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2011). Financial literacy and planning: Implications for retirement wellbeing. NBER Working Paper 17078.Google Scholar
  31. Lusardi, A., Skinner, J., & Venti, S. (2001). Saving puzzles and saving policies in the United States. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 17(1), 95. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/17.1.95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1992). Delay of gratification. In G. Lowenstein & J. Elster (Eds.), Choice over time (pp. 147–166). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
  33. Modigliani, F., & Brumberg, R. (1954). Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data. In K. Kurihara (Ed.), Post Keynesian economics. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
  34. Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Pitcher, B., & Hong, S. (1986). Older men’s perceptions of personal control: The effect of health status. Sociological Perspectives, 29(3), 397–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Poterba, J. (1994). International comparison of personal saving. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  37. Rha, J., Montalto, C. P., & Hanna, S. D. (2006). The effect of self-control mechanisms on household saving behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 17(2), 3–16.Google Scholar
  38. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1–28. doi: 10.1037/h0092976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Shefrin, H. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1988). The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis. Economic Inquiry, 26(4), 609–643. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1988.tb01520.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Shefrin, H. M., & Thaler, R. H. (2004). Mental accounting, saving, and self-control. In C. Camerer, G. Lowenstien, & M. Rabin (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics (pp. 395–428). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  41. Social Security Administration. (2012). The 2012 annual report of the board of trustees of the federal old-age and survivors insurance and federal disability insurance trust funds. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/oact/tr/2012/tr2012.pdf.
  42. Sumarwan, U., & Hira, T. (1993). The effects of perceived locus of control and perceived income adequacy on satisfaction with financial status of rural households. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 14(4), 343–364. doi: 10.1007/BF01013984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Thaler, R. H. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1(1980), 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Thaler, R. H. (1981). Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency. Economics Letters, 8(3), 201–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Thaler, R. H. (1990). Anomalies: Saving, fungibility and mental accounts. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(1), 193–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Thaler, R. H. (1994). Psychology and savings policies. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 186–192.Google Scholar
  47. Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow™: using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(1), 164–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New York, NY: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
  49. US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States. (2012). Table 992. Homeownership rates by age of householder and household type: 1990 to 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hvs.html.
  50. US Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration. (2008). Private pension plan bulletin historical tables. Retrived from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/pdf/historicaltables.pdf.
  51. US Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration. (2012). Private pension plan bulletin. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/pdf/2010pensionplanbulletin.pdf.
  52. Wärneryd, K. E. (1999). The psychology of saving: A study on economic psychology. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
  53. Yuh, Y., & Hanna, S. D. (2010). Which households think they save? Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(1), 70–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01158.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Zagorsky, J. (1999). Young baby boomers’ wealth. Review of Income & Wealth, 45(2), 135–156. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00325.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Zagorsky, J. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489–501. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Zagorsky, J. L. (2013). Do people save or spend their inheritances? Understanding what happens to inherited wealth. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(1), 64–76. doi: 10.1007/s10834-012-9299-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.University of the Incarnate Word, H-E-B School of BusinessSan AntonioUSA
  2. 2.School of Family Studies and Human Services, College of Human EcologyKansas State UniversityManhattanUSA

Personalised recommendations