The cohort model: Lessons learned when principals collaborate
- 371 Downloads
- 1 Citations
Abstract
This study explored a formal structure, the cohort model that a decentralized district put in place over a decade ago. Schools were clustered into cohorts to facilitate professional development for leadership teams for all 44 schools within the district. Drawing upon Senge’s components of organizational learning, we used a single case study design with two embedded units to examine how a district created opportunities for organizational learning through the cohort model. Our findings revealed how this large district gave considerable autonomy to schools and at the same time created a coherent structure that facilitated both system-wide as well as within cohort professional development. The model also supported formal and informal relationships within cohorts and across the district. Our evidence showed how trusting relationships fostered strong collaboration amongst principals and led to higher levels of social capital and intellectual capital, which in turn enabled the schools and cohorts to practice the components of organizational learning. These schools and the district achieved sustained increases in student achievement.
Keywords
Decentralized Intellectual capital Organizational learning Social capitalReferences
- Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
- Bolivar, J. M., & Chrispeels, J. H. (2011). Enhancing parent leadership through building social and intellectual capital. American Educational Research Journal, 47(4).Google Scholar
- Borman, G. D., Hewes, G. M., Overman, L. T., & Brown, S. (2003). Comprehensive school reform and achievement: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 73(2), 125–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York, NY: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
- Bryk, A., & Schneider, B. (2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
- Bryk, A., Sebring, P., Allensworth, E., Stuart, L., & Easton, J. (2010). Organizing schools for improvement: Lessons from Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 1–83). Greenwich: JAI Press.Google Scholar
- Chhuon, V., Gilkey, E. M., Gonzalez, M., Daly, A. J., & Chrispeels, J. H. (2008). The little district that could: The process of building district-school trust. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44, 227–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrispeels, J. H. (Ed.). (2004). Learning to lead together. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Coburn, C. E., Choi, L., & Mata, W. (2010). “I would go to her because her mind is math”: Network formation in the context of a district-based mathematics reform. In A. J. Daly (Ed.), Social network theory and educational change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Coburn, C. E., & Russell, J. L. (2008). District policy and teachers’ social networks. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 30(3), 203–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Issue Supplement), S95–S120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cousins, B. (1998). Intellectual roots of organizational learning. In K. Leithwood & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Organizational learning in schools (pp. 219–236). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
- Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Cross, R., Borgatti, S., & Parker, A. (2002). Making invisible work visible: Using social network analysis to support strategic collaboration. Management Review, 44(2), 25–46.Google Scholar
- Daly, A. J., & Finnigan, K. (2010). A bridge between worlds: Understanding network structure to understand change strategy. Journal of Educational Change, 11(2), 111–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Daly, A. J., & Finnigan, K. (2011). The ebb and flow of social network ties between district leaders under high-stakes accountability. American Educational Research Journal, 48(1), 39–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Datnow, A., Borman, G., Stringfield, S., Overman, L. T., & Castellano, M. (2003). Comprehensive school reform in culturally and linguistically diverse contexts: Implementation and outcomes from a four-year study. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25(2), 143–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Deal, T., Purinton, T., & Waejen, D. (2009). Making sense of social networks in schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2001). The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science, 12(4), 450–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dodgson, M. (1993). Organizational learning: A review of some literatures. Organizational Studies, 14(3), 375–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Edge, K. (2013). Rethinking knowledge management: Strategies for enhancing district-level teacher and leader tacit knowledge sharing. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 12(3), 227–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Edge, K., & Mylopoulos, M. (2008). Creating cross-school connections: LC networking in support of leadership and instructional development. School Leadership and Management, 28(2), 147–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Elmore, R. F. (1990). Restructuring schools: The next generation of educational reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Elmore, R. F., & Burney, D. (1997). Investing in teacher learning: Staff development and instructional improvement in community school district# 2, New York City. New York: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.Google Scholar
- Escobedo, J. (2008). Implementation fo a district-initiated inquiry process in a southern California school district. Doctoral dissertation, UCSD. Dissertation Abstracts International, 69(01). UMI no. 3296860.Google Scholar
- Fiol, C. M., & Lyles, M. A. (1985). Organizational learning. The Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 803–813.Google Scholar
- Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2008). Better learning through structures teaching: A framework for the gradual release of responsibility. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Google Scholar
- Forsyth, P. B., Adams, C. M., & Hoy, W. K. (2011). Collective trust: Why schools can’t improve without it: New York. NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Fullan, M. (1993). Change forces: Probing the depth of education reform. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Giles, C., & Hargreaves, A. (2006). The sustainability of innovative schools as learning organizations and professional learning communities during standardized reform. The Journal of Leadership for Effective & Equitable Organizations, 42(1), 124–156.Google Scholar
- Goddard, R. (2003). Relational networks, social trust, and norms: A social capital perspective on students’ chances of academic success. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25(1), 59–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gonzalez, K., Stonar, C., & Jovel, J. E. (2003). Examining the role of social capital in access to college for Latinas: Toward a college opportunity framework. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2(2), 146–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Herman, R. (1999). An educator’s guide to schoolwide reform. Arlington, VA: Educational Research Service.Google Scholar
- Hightower, A. (2002). San Diego’s big boom: District bureaucracy supports culture of learning. Seattle, WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington.Google Scholar
- Honig, M. I. (2008). District central offices as learning organizations: How sociocultural and organizational learning theories elaborate district central office administrators’ participation in teaching and learning improvement efforts. American Journal of Education, 114(4), 627–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hubbard, L., Mehan, H., & Stein, M. K. (2006). Reform as learning: School reform, organizational culture, and community politics in San Diego. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Kilduff, M., & Tsai, W. (2003). Social networks and organizations. London: Sage.Google Scholar
- Lam, A. (2000). Tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions: An integrated framework. Organization Studies, 21, 487–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1995). An organizational learning perspective on school responses to central policy initiatives. School Leadership and Management, 15(3), 229–252.Google Scholar
- Leithwood, K., Lawrence, L., & Sharratt, L. (1998). Conditions fostering organizational learning in schools. The Journal of Leadership for Effective & Equitable Organizations, 34(2), 243–276.Google Scholar
- Leithwood, K., & Louis, K. S. (Eds.). (1998). Organizational learning in schools. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
- Leithwood, K., & Menzies, T. (1998). A review of research concerning the implementation of site-based management. School Effectiveness & School Improvement, 9(3), 233–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (2003). Demonstrating the value of an organization’s learning culture: The Dimensions of Learning Organizations Questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5, 132–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Massell, D., & Goertz, M. E. (2002). District strategies for building instructional capacity. In A. M. Hightower, M. S. Knapp, J. A. Marsh, & M. W. McLaughlin (Eds.), School districts and instructional renewal (pp. 43–60). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- McLaughlin, M., & Talbert, J. (2003). Reforming districts: How districts support school reform. Seattle, WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy (CTP), University of Washington.Google Scholar
- Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Millward, P., & Timperley, H. (2010). Organizational learning facilitated by instructional leadership, tight coupling and boundary spanning practices. Journal of Educational Change, 11, 139–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Monkman, K., Ronald, M., & Theramere, F. (2005). Social and cultural capital in an urban Latino school community. Urban Education, 40(4), 4–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morse, J. M., & Richards, L. (2002). Read me first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Mulford, B. (2003). Balance and learning: Crucial elements in leadership for democratic schools. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 2(2), 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mulford, B. (2006). Leading change for student achievement. Journal of Educational Change, 7(1–2), 47–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mullen, C., & Kochan, F. (2000). Creating a collaborative leadership network: An organic view of change. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 3(3), 183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murphy, J. (1991). Restructuring schools: Capturing and assessing the phenomena. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Murphy, J., & Datnow, A. (2003). Leadership Lessons from Comprehensive School Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
- Murphy, J., & Hallinger, P. (1988). Characteristics of instructionally effective school districts. Journal of Educational Research, 81(3), 175–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.Google Scholar
- Olsen, E., & Chrispeels, J. H. (2009). A pathway forward to school change: Leading together and achieving goals. Leadership and Policy in Schools., 8(4), 380–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Penuel, W. R., Riel, M. R., Krause, A., & Frank, K. A. (2009). Analyzing teachers’ professional interactions in a school as social capital: A social network approach. Teachers College Record, 111(1), 124–163.Google Scholar
- Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: It’s origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1), 43–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Preskill, H., & Catsambas, T. (2006). Reframing evaluation through appreciative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Preskill, H., & Torres, R. T. (1999). Building capacity for organizational learning through evaluative inquiry. Evaluation, 5(1), 42–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ross, S. M., Alberg, M., & McNelis, M. (1997). Evaluation of elementary school school-wide programs: Clover Park School District. Memphis, TN: Center for Research in Educational Policy.Google Scholar
- Ross, S. M., Sanders, W., & Stringfiled, S. (1999). Two and three year achievement results on the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System for restructuring schools in Memphis. Memphis, TN: Center for Research in Educational Policy.Google Scholar
- Scott, J. (2000). Social network analysis: A handbook. London: Sage.Google Scholar
- Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
- Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
- Skrla, L., Scheurich, J. J., & Johnson, J. F. (2000). Equity-driven achievement-focused school districts: A report on systemic school success in four Texas school districts serving diverse student populations. Austin, TX: Charles A. Dana Center, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
- Smylie, M. A., Lazarus, V., & Brownlee-Conyers, J. (1996). Instructional outcomes of school-based participative decision-making. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 18(3), 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Snipes, J., Doolittle, F., & Herlihy, C. (2002). Foundations for success: Case studies of how urban school systems improve student achievement. Washington, DC: Council of Great City Schools.Google Scholar
- Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Stevenson, R. B. (2001). Shared decision making and core school values: A case study of organizational learning. International Journal of Educational Management, 15(2), 103–121.Google Scholar
- Stuart, T. E. (1998). Network positions and propensities to collaborate: An investigation of strategic alliance formation in a high-technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 43, 668–698.Google Scholar
- Sykes, G., O’Day, J., & Ford, T. (2009). The district role in instructional improvement. In G. Sykes, B. Schneider, & D. Plank (Eds.), Handbook of education policy research (pp. 767–784). New York: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, J. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 464–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Umekubo, L. A., Chrispeels, J. H., & Daly, A. J. (2013). Strong ties in a decentralized district: A case study of an improving district. Pensamiento Educativo: Journal of Latinamerican Educational Research, 50(2), 69–96.Google Scholar
- Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1998). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Wohlstetter, P. (1995). Getting school-based management right: What works and what doesn’t. The Phi Delta Kappan, 77(1), 22–26.Google Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar