Informal learning organizations as part of an educational ecology: Lessons from collaboration across the formal-informal divide
- 1.1k Downloads
- 12 Citations
Abstract
How do informal learning organizations work with schools as part of a broader educational ecology? We examined this question through a comparative case study of two collaborative efforts whereby informal arts education organizations, a children’s museum and a community-based organization, worked with an urban school district to redefine the provision of educational services for children and youth. Grounded conceptually in organizational theory, our study identified factors that enable and constrain collaboration across the formal-informal divide. We argue that examining the dynamics of cross-sector collaboration as occurring within a regional ecology of diverse learning organizations and broader institutional context provides insights into the outcomes of joint work. Our findings have implications for designing collaborations between schools and informal organizations that contribute to their respective strength, as well as the broader regional educational ecology in which they reside.
Keywords
Informal learning organizations Collaboration Educational ecology Institutional contextReferences
- Akiva, T. (2012). The psychology of youth participation in organized activities. Unpublished dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
- Anderson, D. (1999). A Commonwealth: Museums in the Learning Age. A report to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, London: The Stationary Office.Google Scholar
- Bardach, E. (1998). Getting agencies to work together: The practice and theory of managerial craftsmanship. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
- Barron, B. (2006). Interest and self-sustained learning as catalysts of development: A learning ecologies perspective. Human Development, 49, 193–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bell, P., Lewenstein, B., Shouse, A., & Feder, M. (Eds.). (2009). Learning science in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits. Washington, DC: National Research Council.Google Scholar
- Bevan, B., Dillon, J., Hein, G. E., Macdonald, M., Michalchik, V., Miller, D., et al. (2010). Making science matter: Collaborations between informal science education organizations and schools. Washington, DC: Center for the Advancement of Informal Science Education (CAISE).Google Scholar
- Bodilly, S. J., Augustine, C., & Zakaras, L. (2008). Revitalizing arts education through community-wide coordination. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Burch, P. (2007). Educational policy and practice from the perspective of institutional theory: Crafting a wider lens. Educational Researcher, 36(2), 84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Calabrese Barton, A., & Tan, E. (2010). We be burnin: Agency, identity and learning in a green energy program. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 19(2), 187–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chen, B. & Graddy, E. A. (2005). Interorganizational collaborations for public service delivery: A framework of preconditions, processes, and perceived outcomes. Paper presented at the 2005 ARNOVA Conference, November 17–19, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
- Coburn, C. (2001). Collective sensemaking about reading: How teachers mediate reading policy in their professional communities. Educational evaluation and policy analysis, 23(2), 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coburn, C. E. (2005). The role of nonsystem actors in the relationship between policy and practice: The case of reading instruction in California. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27(1), 23–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coburn, C. E., Bae, S., & Turner, E. O. (2008). Authority, status, and the dynamics of insider-outsider partnerships at the district level. Peabody Journal of Education, 83(3), 364–399.Google Scholar
- DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Edwards, C. P., Gandini, L., & Forman, G. E. (1993). The hundred languages of children: The Reggio Emilia approach–advanced reflections. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
- Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theory from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.Google Scholar
- Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2010). The 95 percent solution. American Scientist, 98(6), 486–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Gray, B., & Wood, D. (1991). Collaborative alliances: Moving from practice to theory. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(2), 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gutwill, J., & Allen, S. (2012). Deepening students scientific inquiry skills during a science museum field trip. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21, 130–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Halverson, E. R. (2012). Digital art-making as a representational process. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 1–42.Google Scholar
- Hardy, C. (1994). Power and politics in organizations. In C. Hardy (Ed.), Managing strategic action (pp. 220–237). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Hess, F., Muranto, R., & Milliman, S. (2001). Small districts in big trouble: How four Arizona school systems respond to charter competition. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 1102–1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hetlund, L., Winner, E., Veenema, S., & Sheridan, K. (2007). Studio thinking: The real benefits of arts education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Hofstein, A., & Rosenfeld, S. (1996). Bridging the gap between formal and informal science learning. Studies in Science Education, 28, 87–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Honig, M. I. (2004). The new middle management: Intermediary organizations in education policy implementation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(1), 65–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Honig, M. I. (2009). External organizations and the politics of urban educational leadership: The case of new small autonomous schools initiatives. Peabody Journal of Education, 84, 394–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Honig, M. I., & Ikemoto, G. (2008). Adaptive assistance for learning improvement efforts: The case of the Institute for Learning. Peabody Journal of Education, 83(3), 328–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Inverness Research Associates. (1996). An invisible infrastructure. Washington, DC: Association of Science-Technology Centers.Google Scholar
- Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittainti, M., Boyd, D., Cody, R., Herr-Stephenson, B., et al. (2009). Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Jackson, K. (2011). Approaching participation in school-based mathematics as a cross-setting phenomenon. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(1), 111–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- James Irvine Foundation. (2005). Museums after school: How museums are reaching kids, partnering with schools, and making a difference. Author. Retrieved from: http://www.irvine.org/assets/pdf/pubs/former/Museums_After_School.pdf.
- Legler, R., & Reischl, T. (2003). The relationship of key factors in the process of collaboration: A study of school-to-work coalitions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 39(1), 5–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Levin, H. M., & Belfield, C. R. (2003). The marketplace in education. Review of Research in Education, 27, 183–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lundin, M. (2007). When does cooperation improve public policy implementation? The Policy Studies Journal, 35(4), 629–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meyer, J. W., Scott, W. R., & Deal, T. E. (1981). Institutional and technical sources of organizational structure: Explaining the structure of educational organizations. In H. B. Stein (Ed.), Organization and the human services (pp. 151–178). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. (2008). Inspiring learning: An improvement framework for museums, libraries and archives. Retrieved from http://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/
- O’Toole, L. J. (1997). Treating networks seriously: Practical and research-based agendas in public administration. Public Administration Review, 57, 45–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ogawa, R. T. (1994). The institutional sources of educational reform: The case of school-based management. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 519–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasquero, J. (1991). Supra-organizational collaboration: The Canadian environmental experiment. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27, 38–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pfeffer, J. (1997). New directions for organization theory: Problems and prospects. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
- Phillips, M., Finkelstein, D., & Wever-Frerichs, S. (2007). School site to museum floor: How informal science institutions work with schools. International Journal of Science Education, 29(12), 1489–1507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Phillips, N., Lawrence, T. B., & Hardy, C. (2000). Inter-organizational collaboration and the dynamics of institutional fields. Journal of Management Studies, 37(1), 23–43.Google Scholar
- Ramey-Gassert, L. (1994). Reexamining connections: Museums as science learning environments. Science Education, 78, 345–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rowan, B., & Miskel, C. G. (1999). Institutional theory and the study of educational organizations. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- Scott, W. R., & Meyer, J. W. (1991). The organization of societal sectors: Propositions and early evidence. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 108–142). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Sharfman, M. P., Gray, B., & Yan, A. (1991). The context of interorganizational collaboration in the garment industry: An institutional perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(2), 181–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Spillane, J., & Burch, P. (2006). The institutional environment and instructional practice: Changing patterns of guidance and control in public education. In H. Meyer & B. Rowan (Eds.), The new institutionalism in education (pp. 87–102). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- Thatcher, D. (2004). Interorganizational partnerships as inchoate hierarchies: A case study of the community security initiative. Administration and Society, 36(1), 91–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thompson, A. M., Perry, J. L., & Miller, J. K. (2007). Conceptualizing and measuring collaboration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19, 23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thomson, A. M., Perry, J. L., & Miller, J. K. (2008). Linking collaboration processes and outcomes: Foundations for advancing empirical theory. In L. B. Bingham & R. O’Leary (Eds.), Big ideas in collaborative public management (pp. 97–120). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Publishers.Google Scholar
- Thomson, A. M., & Perry, J. L. (2006). Collaboration processes: Inside the black box. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 20–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1997). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- van Bueren, E. M., Klijn, E., & Koppenjan, J. (2003). Dealing with wicked problems in networks: Analyzing an environmental debate from a network perspective. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(2), 193–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Weick, K. (1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wood, D. J., & Gray, B. (1991). Toward a comprehensive theory of collaboration. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(2), 139–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Knutson, K., & Crowley, K. (2010). Connecting with art: How families talk about art in a museum setting. In M.K. Stein & L. Kucan (Eds.), Instructional explanations in the disciplines, 189–206.Google Scholar
- Knutson, K., Crowley, K., Russell, J. L., & Steiner, M. A. (2011). Approaching art education as an ecology: Exploring the role of museums. Studies in Art Education, 52(4), 326–338.Google Scholar
- Palmquist, S.D., & Crowley, K. (2007). From teachers to testers: Parents’ role in child expertise development in informal settings. Science Education, 91(5), 712–732.Google Scholar
- Russell, J. L. (2011). From Child’s Garden to Academic Press: The role of shifting institutional logics in redefining kindergarten education. American Educational Research Journal, 48(2), 236–267.Google Scholar