Urban educators’ perceptions of culturally relevant pedagogy and school reform mandates
- 643 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Abstract
In this article, we examine urban teachers’ perceptions of school reform models (SRMs) and culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP). In particular, we examined how urban educators altered mandated reform models in the best interests of their culturally and linguistically diverse students. We discuss data from a phenomenological study, which included in-depth interviews and a focus group with seven urban African-American educators. We explore three facets of the intersection of culturally relevant pedagogy and mandated school reforms: (1) Teachers’ use of CRP to empower urban students; (2) Teachers’ beliefs that SRMs hurt African American students more than help them; (3) Teachers’ adaptations of SRMs with culturally relevant practices. Finally, this article explores the implications for practice and policy when culturally relevant teachers struggle to utilize CRP in the implementation of SRMs.
Keywords
Culturally relevant pedagogy Urban School reform modelsReferences
- Aladjem, D. K., & Borman, K. M. (Eds.). (2006). Examining comprehensive school reform. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.Google Scholar
- Banks, J., Cookson, P., Gay, G., Hawley, W., Irvine, J., Nieto, S., et al. (2001). Diversity within unity: Essential principles for teaching and learning in a multicultural society. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(3), 196–203.Google Scholar
- Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to theory and methods (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
- Borman, G. D., & Hewes, G. M. (2002). The long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of Success for All. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 243–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boyer, E. L. (1990). What to teach, how to teach it, and to whom. In S. B. Bacharach (Ed.), Education reform: Making sense of it all (pp. 30–38). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
- Boykin, A. W. (1986). The triple quandary and the schooling of Afro-American children. In U. Weisser (Ed.), The school achievement of minority children: New perspectives (pp. 57–92). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Boykin, A. W., Tyler, K. M., & Miller, O. (2005). In search of cultural themes and their expressions in the dynamics of classroom life. Urban Education, 40(5), 521–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, M. R. (2007). Educating all students: Creating culturally responsive teachers, classrooms, and schools. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(1), 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In Y. Denzin & Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Clandinin, D. J., & Connely, F. M. (1998). Stories to live by: Narrative understandings of school reform. Curriculum Inquiry, 28(2), 149–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Craig, C. J., & Willis, C. (2007). Excavating teacher knowledge in reforming school contexts: A collaborative approach. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 9(1), 65–78.Google Scholar
- CSQR (November 2005). Center report on elementary school comprehensive school reform models. Washington, DC: The Comprehensive School Reform Quality Center.Google Scholar
- Cuban, L. (1972). Ethnic content and “white” instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 53(5), 270–273.Google Scholar
- Darling-Hammond, L., & Wise, A. (1985). Beyond standardization: State standards and school improvement. Elementary School Journal, 85, 315–336.Google Scholar
- Datnow, A., Borman, G., & Stringfield, S. (2000). School reform through a highly specified curriculum: Implementation and effects of the Core Knowledge sequence. Elementary School Journal, 101(2), 167–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Datnow, A., Borman, G. D., Stringfield, S., Overman, L. T., & Castellano, M. (2003). Comprehensive school reform in culturally and linguistically diverse contexts: Implementation and outcomes from a four-year study. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25(2), 143–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Datnow, A., Hubbard, L., & Mehan, H. (1998). Educational reform implementation: A co-constructed process, Research report 5. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Research on Education, Diversity and Excellence.Google Scholar
- Datnow, A., & Stringfield, S. (2000). Working together for reliable school reform. Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk, 5(1 & 2), 183–204.Google Scholar
- Delpit, L., & White-Bradley, P. (2003). Educating or imprisoning the spirit: Lessons from ancient Egypt. Theory Into Practice, 42(4), 283–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Desimone, L. (2002). How can comprehensive school reform models be successfully implemented? Review of Educational Research, 72(3), 433–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Durden, T. (2008). Do your homework! Investigating the role of culturally relevant pedagogy in comprehensive school reform models serving diverse student populations. Urban Review, 40, 403–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Esposito, J., & Swain, A. N. (2009). Pathways to social justice: Urban teachers’ uses of culturally relevant pedagogy as a conduit for teaching for social justice. Perspectives on Urban Education, 6(1), 38–48.Google Scholar
- Fine, M. (1987). Silencing in public schools. Language Arts, 64(2), 157–174.Google Scholar
- Fine, M. (1991). Framing dropouts: Notes on the politics of an urban high school. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
- Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, & practice. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Giroux, S. S. (2006). Playing in the dark: Racial repression and the new campus crusade for diversity. College Literature, 33(4), 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
- Goodlad, J. I. (2002). Kudzu, rabbits, and school reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(1), 16–24.Google Scholar
- Graczewski, C., Ruffin, M., Shambaugh, L., & Therriault, S. B. (2007). Selecting and implementing whole school improvement models: A district and school administrator perspective. Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk, 12(1), 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haberman, M. (2010). The pedagogy of poverty versus good teaching. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(2), 81–87.Google Scholar
- Hawley, W. D. (1988). Missing pieces of the educational reform agenda: Or, why the first and second waves may miss the boat. Educational Administration Quarterly, 24(4), 416–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Houston, D. D. (2007). The seven deadly sins of no child left behind. Phi Delta Kappan, 88(10), 744–748.Google Scholar
- Howard, T. C. (2001a). Powerful pedagogy for African American students: A case of four teachers. Urban Education, 36(2), 179–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Howard, T. C. (2001b). Telling their side of the story: African-American students’ perceptions of culturally relevant teaching. The Urban Review, 33(2), 131–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Howard, T. C. (2002). Hearing footsteps in the dark: African American students’ descriptions of effective teachers. Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk, 7(4), 425–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Irvine, J. J. (2010). Culturally relevant pedagogy. Educational Digest, 75(8), 57–61.Google Scholar
- Kalin, J., & Zuljan, M. V. (2007). Teacher perceptions of the goals of effective school reform and their own role in it. Educational Studies, 33(2), 163–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Keck-Staley, T. L. (2010). The role of human resource capital of Black and Latino middle schoolers’ mathematics identities. The Negro Educational Review, 61(1–4), 7–40.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1992). Liberatory consequences of literacy: A case of culturally relevant instruction of African American students. Journal of Negro Education, 61(3), 378–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1995a). But that’s just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory Into Practice, 34(3), 159–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1995b). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491.Google Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record 97(1), 47–68.Google Scholar
- Le Floch, K. C., Taylor, J. E., & Thomsen, K. (2006). Implications of NCLB accountability for comprehensive school reform. Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk, 11(3 & 4), 353–366.Google Scholar
- Levine, T. H., & Marcus, A. S. (2007). Closing the achievement gap through teacher collaboration: Facilitating multiple trajectories of teacher learning. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19, 116–138.Google Scholar
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Lipman, P. (1998). Race, class, and power in school restructuring. Albany: Suny Press.Google Scholar
- Mac Iver, M. A., & Kemper, E. (2002). The impact of Direct Instruction on elementary students’ reading achievement in an urban school district. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 7(2), 197–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Madden, N. A., & Slavin, R. E. (1999). Success for All/Roots & Wings: Summary of research on achievement outcomes. Baltimore: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk.Google Scholar
- Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Munoz, M. A., & Dossett, D. H. (2004). Educating students placed at risk: Evaluating the impact of success for all in urban settings. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 9(3), 261–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nieto, S. (1992). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
- Nobles, W., & Goddard, L. (1992). An African-centered model of prevention for African-American youth at high risk. In L. Goddard (Ed.), African-American youth at high risk work group: An African-centered model of prevention for African-American youth at high risk. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Google Scholar
- Null, J. W. (2003). Education and knowledge, not “standards and accountability”: A critique of reform rhetoric through the ideas of Dewey, Bagley, and Schwab. Educational Studies, 34(4), 397–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Payne, C. M. (2010). So much reform, so little change: The persistence of failure in urban schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
- Payne, C. M., & Kaba, M. (2007). So much reform, so little change: Building-level obstacles to urban school reform. Social Policy, 30–37.Google Scholar
- Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 41–60). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reville, S. P. (2005). Humility and school reform. Journal of Education, 1–2.Google Scholar
- Ross, S. M., Nunnery, J. A., Goldfeder, E., McDonald, A., Rachor, R., Hornbeck, M., et al. (2004). Using school reform models to improve reading achievement: A longitudinal study of direct instruction and success for all in an urban district. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 9(4), 357–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Santamaria, L. J. (2009). Culturally responsive differentiated instruction: Narrowing gaps between best pedagogical practices benefiting all learners. Teachers College Record, 111(1), 214–247.Google Scholar
- Sheets, R. H. (1995). From remedial to gifted: Effects of culturally centered pedagogy. Theory Into Practice, 34(3), 186–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shippen, M. E., Houchins, D. E., Calhoun, M. B., Furlow, C., & Sartor, D. L. (2006). The effects of comprehensive school reform models in reading for urban middle school students with disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 27(6), 322–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shokraii, N. (1996). Free at last. Policy Review, 80, 20–26.Google Scholar
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
- Townsend, B. L. (2002). Testing while black: Standards-based school reform and African American learners. Remedial and Special Education, 23(4), 222–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Tyack, D., & Tobin, W. (1994). The “grammar” of schooling: Why has it been so hard to change? American Educational Research Journal, 31(3), 453–479.Google Scholar
- U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American fact finder. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/main.html.
- Wasburn-Moses, L. (2008). Teacher candidates’ understandings of instructional strategies in a changing field. Action in Teacher Education, 29(4), 66–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wei, H. H. (2002). Teacher responses to policy implementation: Interactions of new accountability policies and culturally relevant pedagogy in urban school reform. Paper session presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
- Weiss, L., & Fine, M. (Eds.). (1993). Beyond silenced voices: Class, race and gender in United States schools. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
- West-Olatunji, C. A., Baker, J. C., & Brooks, M. (2006). African American adolescent males: Giving voice to their educational experiences. Multicultural Perspectives, 89(4), 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wightman, J. (2010). ELL education in Arizona: Unconstitutional segregation or just inappropriate? Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy, 16(121), 121–152.Google Scholar
- Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Zembylas, M., & Barker, H. (2007). Teachers’ spaces for coping with change in the context of a reform effort. Journal of Educational Change, 8, 235–256.Google Scholar