New teachers’ experiences of mentoring: The good, the bad, and the inequity
- 1.1k Downloads
- 28 Citations
Abstract
Using a sample of 374 randomly selected first- and second-year teachers in three states, this study examines new teachers’ experiences of official mentoring during their first year. Descriptive analyses reveal that experienced mentors are generally present in the work lives of new teachers. However, new teachers often have inappropriate mentor-matches, and low percentages of new teachers are observed by or have conversations with their mentor about the core activities of teaching. Low proportions of new teachers in low-income schools and those in math, science, and technology have ideal matches and supports. The findings have implications for policymakers who look to mentoring as a strategy to improve public schools and retain new teachers.
Keywords
Beginning teachers Equity Induction Mentoring Retention School improvement TurnoverNotes
Acknowledgments
Research for this paper was conducted under the auspices of the Project on the Next Generation of Teachers at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Funding was provided by the Spencer Foundation; however, the analysis and conclusions presented here are solely those of the authors.
References
- Adelman, N. E. (1991). Preservice training and continuing professional development of teachers. Washington, D.C: Policy Studies Associates.Google Scholar
- Berry, B., Hopkins-Thompson, T., & Hoke, M. (2002). Assessing and supporting new teachers: Lessons from the Southeast. North Carolina: The Southeast Center for Teaching Quality at the University of North Carolina.Google Scholar
- Breaux, A. L., & Wong, H. K. (2003). New teacher induction: How to train, support, and retain new teachers. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
- Counts, Q. (2003). The Teacher Gap. Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
- Daloz, L. A. (1986). Effective teaching and mentoring: Realizing the transformational power of adult learning experiences. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- Darling-Hammond, L. (1999). Solving the dilemmas of teacher supply, demand, and standards: How we can ensure a competent, caring, and qualified teacher for every child. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.Google Scholar
- Dillman, D. A. (1991). The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 225–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Drago-Severson, E. (2004). Helping teachers learn: Principal leadership for adult growth and development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
- Education Trust. (2003). Education watch state summaries. Washington, D.C.: Education Trust.Google Scholar
- Evertson, C., & Smithey, M. (2000). Mentoring effects on protégés’ classroom practice: An experimental field study. The Journal of Educational Research, 93(5), 294–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S. (1983). Learning to teach. In L. S. Shulman & G. Sykes (Eds.), Handbook of teaching and policy (pp. 150–170). New York: Longman.Google Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S. (1996). Mentoring: A critical review. Washington, D.C.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education.Google Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S. (2001). From preparation to practice: Designing a continuum to strengthen and sustain teaching. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 1013–1055. doi: 10.1111/0161-4681.00141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S., & Floden, R. E. (1986). The cultures of teaching. In M. C. Witrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 505–526). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S., & Parker, M. (1993). Mentoring in context: A comparison of two U.S. programs for beginning teachers. International Journal of Educational Research, 19(8), 699–718. doi: 10.1016/0883-0355(93)90010-H.Google Scholar
- Feiman-Nemser, S., & Schwille, S. (2004, April). Tracing paths of influence in new teacher induction. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
- Fideler, E. F., & Haselkorn, D. (1999). Learning the ropes: Urban teacher induction programs and practices in the United States. Belmont, MA: Recruiting New Teachers, Inc.Google Scholar
- Geschwend, L., & Moir, E. (2007). Growing together: New and veteran teachers support each other through practices that target the needs of high school educators. Journal of Staff Development, 28(4), 20–24.Google Scholar
- Gless, J., & Moir, E. (2001). Teacher quality squared. Journal of Staff Development, 22(1), 62.Google Scholar
- Gold, Y. (1996). Beginning teacher support: Attrition, mentoring, and induction. In J. Sikula, T. J. Buttery, & E. Guyton (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education (2nd ed., pp. 548–594). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Goodlad, J. (1984). A place called school: Prospects for the future. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
- Grissmer, D., & Kirby, S. N. (1997). Teacher turnover and teacher quality. Teachers College Record, 99(1), 45–56.Google Scholar
- Holloway, J. H. (2001). The benefits of mentoring. Educational Leadership, 58(8), 85–86.Google Scholar
- Huling-Austin, L. (1990). Teacher induction programs and internships. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 535–548). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.Google Scholar
- Humphrey, D. C., Adelman, N., Esch, C. E., Riehl, L. M., Shields, P. M., & Tiffany, J. (2000). Preparing and supporting new teachers: A literature review. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.Google Scholar
- Ingersoll, R. M. (2000). Turnover among mathematics and science teachers in the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st Century.Google Scholar
- Ingersoll, R. M. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 499–534. doi: 10.3102/00028312038003499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ingersoll, R. M., & Kralik, J. M. (2004). The impact of mentoring on teacher retention: What the research says. ECS Research Review. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States.Google Scholar
- Ingersoll, R., & Smith, T. (2003). The wrong solution to the teacher shortage. Educational Leadership, 60(8), 30–33.Google Scholar
- Johnson, S. M. (1990). Teachers at work: Achieving success in our schools. New York: BasicBooks.Google Scholar
- Johnson, S. M., & Birkeland, S. E. (2003). Pursuing a “sense of success”: New teachers explain their career decisions. American Educational Research Journal, 40(3), 581–617. doi: 10.3102/00028312040003581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Johnson, S. M., & The Project on the Next Generation of Teachers. (2004). Finders and keepers: Helping new teachers survive and thrive in our schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Kardos, S. M. (2001). New teachers in New Jersey schools and the professional cultures they experience: A pilot study. Unpublished Special Qualifying Paper, Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- Kardos, S. M., & Johnson, S. M. (2007). On their own and presumed expert: New teachers’ experience with their colleagues. Teachers College Record, 109(9), 2083–2106.Google Scholar
- Kardos, S. M., Johnson, S. M., Peske, H. G., Kauffman, D., & Liu, E. (2001). Counting on colleagues: New teachers encounter the professional cultures of their schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(2), 250–290. doi: 10.1177/00131610121969316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kauffman, D., Johnson, S. M., Kardos, S. M., Liu, E., & Peske, H. G. (2002). “Lost at sea”: New teachers’ experiences with curriculum and assessment. Teachers College Record, 104(2), 273–300. doi: 10.1111/1467-9620.00163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Keiley, M. K. (1996). Affect regulation in adolescents: Do males and females manage their feeling differently?. Cambridge: Harvard University Graduate School of Education.Google Scholar
- Levy, P. S., & Lemeshow, S. (1999). Sampling of populations: Methods and applications (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
- Light, R. J., Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (1990). By design: Planning research on higher education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Little, J. W. (1990a). The mentor phenomenon and the social organization of teaching. In C. Cazden (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 16, pp. 297–351). Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Little, J. W. (1990b). The persistence of privacy: Autonomy and initiative in teachers’ professional relations. Teachers College Record, 91(4), 509–536.Google Scholar
- Little, J. W., & McLaughlin, M. W. (Eds.). (1993). Teachers’ work: Individuals, colleagues, and contexts. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Liu, E., & Kardos, S. M. (2002). Hiring and professional culture in New Jersey schools. Cambridge: Project on the Next Generation of Teachers at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.Google Scholar
- Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- McCabe, M. (2006). State of the states, Quality counts at 10: A decade of standards-based education. Education Week, 25(17), 74.Google Scholar
- McDonald, F. J. (1980). The problems of beginning teachers: A crisis in training. Vol. I. Study of induction programs for beginning teachers. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.Google Scholar
- McDonald, F. J., & Elias, P. (1983). The transition into teaching: The problems of beginning teachers and programs to solve them. Summary Report. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Services.Google Scholar
- McLaughlin, M. W. (1993). What matters most in teachers’ workplace context? In J. W. Little & M. W. McLaughlin (Eds.), Teachers’ work: Individuals, colleagues, and contexts. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. C. (1978). The structure of educational organizations. In M. Meyer and Associates (Eds.), Environments and organizations: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Moir, E., Gless, J., & Baron, W. (1999). A support program with heart: The Santa Cruz Project. In M. Scherer (Ed.), A better beginning: Supporting and mentoring new teachers. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Google Scholar
- Murnane, R. J., Singer, J. D., Willett, J. B., Kemple, J. J., & Olsen, R. J. (1991). Who will teach?: Policies that matter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future. (2003). No dream denied: A pledge to America’s children summary report. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.Google Scholar
- Powell, A. G., Farrar, E., & Cohen, D. K. (1985). The shopping mall high school: Winners and losers in the educational marketplace. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
- Rea, L. M., & Parker, R. A. (1997). Designing and conducting survey research (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Rosenholtz, S. J. (1989). Teachers’ workplace: The social organization of schools. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
- Rowan, B. (1990). Commitment and control: Alternative strategies for the organizational design of schools. In C. Cazden (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 16). Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Rust, F. O. (1994). The first year of teaching: It’s not what they expected. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(2), 205–217. doi: 10.1016/0742-051X(94)90013-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ryan, K. (Ed.). (1970). Don’t smile until Christmas: Accounts of the first year of teaching. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Ryan, K., Newman, K. K., Mager, G., Applegate, J., Lasley, T., Flora, R., et al. (1980). Biting the apple: Accounts of first year teachers. New York: Longman Inc.Google Scholar
- Sizer, T. R. (1984). Horace’s compromise: The dilemma of the American high school. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
- Smith, T. M., & Ingersoll, R. M. (2004). What are the effects of induction and mentoring on beginning teacher turnover? American Educational Research Journal, 41(3), 681–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stansbury, K., & Zimmerman, J. (2000). Lifelines to the classroom: Designing support for beginning teachers. San Francisco: WestEd.Google Scholar
- Troen, V., & Boles, K. C. (2003). Who’s teaching your children? Why the teacher crisis is worse than you think and what can be done about it. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Useem, B. (2001, April). New teacher staffing and comprehensive school reform: Philadelphia’s experience. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
- Veenman, S. (1984). Perceived problems of beginning teachers. Review of Educational Research, 54(2), 143–178.Google Scholar
- Villani, S. (2002). Mentoring programs for new teachers: Models of induction and support. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
- Wideen, M., Mayer-Smith, J., & Moon, B. (1998). A critical analysis of the research on learning to teach: Making the case for an ecological perspective on inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 130–178.Google Scholar
- Wilson, S., Darling-Hammond, L., & Berry, B. (2001). A case of successful teaching policy: Connecticut’s long-term efforts to improve teaching and learning. Seattle, WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy.Google Scholar
- Youngs, P. (2002). State and district policy related to mentoring and new teacher induction in Connecticut. National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.Google Scholar
- Zeichner, K. (1979). Teacher induction practices in the United States and Great Britain. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Department of Curriculum and Instruction.Google Scholar