Abstract
The drifting biomass of golden tide in the Yellow Sea of China mainly consisted of Sargassum horneri with a small fraction composed of Sargassum confusum thalli. In this study, the circular-mapping organelle genomes (mtDNA and cpDNA) of S. confusum were sequenced and coupled with comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses within the Sargassum genus. This revealed 34,721-bp mitochondrial and 124,375-bp chloroplast genomes of S. confusum harboring 65 and 173 genes, respectively, figures which are highly comparable to those reported in other Sargassum species. The mtDNA of S. confusum displayed lower values in A+T and intergenic spacer contents than cpDNA. Mitochondrial phylogenomics revealed a close relationship between Sargassum muticum and S. confusum. The Sargassum mtDNAs had an approximately three-fold greater mutation rate than cpDNAs indicating a higher evolution rate in mtDNAs than cpDNAs for Sargassum species. Therefore, mtDNA is a more effective molecular marker and could aid in tracking the source of the golden tides.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Wei Luan and Zhe Jin for their assistance in algal collection and data analysis.
Funding
This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (no. 2016ASKJ02), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (no. QYZDB-SSW-DQC023), the Strategic Priority Research Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences (no. XDA11020304), the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province, China (no. 2016GSF115041), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31700307), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences (no. 2015164), the Foundation for Huiquan Young Scholar of Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (no. 2015), and the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Integrated Marine Monitoring and Applied Technologies for Harmful Algal Blooms, S.O.A. (no. MATHAB201701).
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Fig. S1
Circular gene map of mitochondrial genome of S. confusum. Genes drawn within the circle are transcribed clockwise, while those drawn outside are transcribed counter-clockwise. Genes are colour-coded according to their functional groups. Inner circle indicates the GC content. (PPTX 672 kb)
Fig. S2
Circular gene map of chloroplast genome of S. confusum. Genes drawn within the circle are transcribed clockwise, while those drawn outside are transcribed counter-clockwise. Genes are colour-coded according to their functional groups. Inner circle indicates the GC content. (PPTX 841 kb)
Table S1
The known mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes (mtDNAs and cpDNAs) in the order Fucales. (PDF 22 kb)
Table S2
Genetic distance between S. confusum (Sco) and other Sargassum species including S. muticum (Smu), S. hemiphyllum (She), S. thunbergii (Sth), S. fusiforme (Sfu), S. horneri (Sho), S. aquifolium (Saq), S. polycystum (Spo), S. ilicifolium (Sil), S. spinuligerum (Ssp), S. vachellianum (Sva), S. fluitans (Sfl), and S. natans (Sna) based on the mitochondrial genome sequences. (PDF 8 kb)
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Liu, F., Pan, J., Zhang, Z. et al. Organelle genomes of Sargassum confusum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): mtDNA vs cpDNA. J Appl Phycol 30, 2715–2722 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1461-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1461-y