Skip to main content
Log in

Brief Report: Stress and Perceived Social Support in Parents of Children with ASD

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Previous literature has indicated that perceptions of social support (PSS) may be an important predictor of parental stress levels, particularly for parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current study implemented structural equation modelling to further investigate the relationship between PSS and parental stress in a sample of 454 parents of children diagnosed with ASD. Results indicate that PSS derived from friends was the most important factor in protecting against stress, with PSS from both a significant other and family appearing to be less pervasive in this regard. In addition, the importance of PSS was further underlined by the finding that it remained a significant predictor of parental stress after controlling for the absence/presence of professional support.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

References

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baio, J. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Guidance, Research and Federal Activity, 61, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., et al. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: Behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera, M. (1981). Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. Social Networks and Social Support, 9(4), 435–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barroso, N. E., Mendez, L., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2018). Parenting stress through the lens of different clinical groups: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(3), 449–461.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A Process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation modeling with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 208–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, P. A., & Weinert, S. C. (1981). The prq, a social support measure. Nursing Research, 30(5), 277–280.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Van Naarden Braun, K., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 61, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuzzocrea, F., Murdaca, A. M., Costa, S., Filippello, P., & Larcan, R. (2016). Parental stress, coping strategies and social support in families of children with a disability. Child Care in Practice, 22(1), 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health. (2018). Estimating Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Irish Population: A review of data sources and epidemiological studies. Retrieved from https://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ASD-Report-Final-19112018-For-publication.pdf.

  • Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274–1284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X.-H., & Abbott, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism, 13(4), 375–387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farel, A. M., & Hooper, S. R. (1998). Relationship between the maternal social support index and the parenting stress index in mothers of very-low-birthweight children now age 7. Psychological Reports, 83(1), 173–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goedeke, S., Shepherd, D., Landon, J., & Taylor, S. (2019). How perceived support relates to child autism symptoms and care-related stress in parents caring for a child with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10(1), 1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin, J. P., da Estrela, C., Desmarais, K., & Barker, E. T. (2016). The impact of formal and informal support on health in the context of caregiving stress. Family Relations, 65(1), 191–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. J. (2006). Caught in the net: A Foucaultian interrogation of the incidental effects of limited notions of inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 10(1), 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., & Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 610–619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V. B. (2007). Comparison of parenting stress in different developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 417–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 34(1), 4–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2012). Maladaptive behaviors of children with autism: Parent support, stress, and coping. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 35(3–4), 194–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, E. J., Griffith, G. M., & Hastings, R. P. (2018). Social support, coping, and positive perceptions as potential protective factors for the well-being of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 64(4–5), 288–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handley, E. D., & Chassin, L. (2008). Stress-induced drinking in parents of adolescents with externalizing symptomatology: The moderating role of parent social support. American Journal on Addictions, 17(6), 469–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, S. E., & Thompson, L. (1995). Families’ perceptions of their resources for caring for children with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 33(2), 73–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. P., Giannotti, F., & Cortesi, F. (2009). Sleep patterns in autism spectrum disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(4), 917–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1981). LISREL V: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: National Educational Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ke, X., Liu, C., & Li, N. (2010). Social support and quality of life: A cross-sectional study on survivors eight months after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Public Health, 10, 573. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-573.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. S., Leventhal, B. L., Koh, Y. J., Fombonne, E., Laska, E., Lim, E. C., et al. (2011). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(9), 904–912.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1990). The buffering effect of social support on parental stress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(3), 440–451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantareas, M. M., & Homatidis, S. (1989). Assessing child symptom severity and stress in parents of autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(3), 459–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. X., Ong, S. I., Lee, V. Y., & Abd Rahman, F. N. (2017). Parenting stress among Malaysian parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Medicine & Health, 12(1), 42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes, G., & Halterman, J. S. (2007). Bullying among children with autism and the influence of comorbidity with ADHD: A population-based study. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 199(5), 1040–1046.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus User’s Guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L., Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(1), 48–66.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Onyedibe, M. C. C., Ugwu, L. I., Mefoh, P. C., & Onuiri, C. (2018). Parents of children with down syndrome: Do resilience and social support matter to their experience of career stress? Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(2), 94–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phetrasuwan, S., & Shandor Miles, M. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivard, M., Terroux, A., Parent-Boursier, C., & Mercier, C. (2014). Determinants of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1609–1620.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saisto, T., Salmela-Aro, K., Nurmi, J. E., & Halmesmäki, E. (2008). Longitudinal study on the predictors of parental stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 29(3), 213–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J. (2009). Conceptual issues in studying the development of self-regulation. In S. L. Olson & A. J. Sameroff (Eds.), Biopsychosocial regulatory processes in the development of childhood behavioral problems (pp. 1–18). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Potter, E. H., & Antoni, M. H. (1985). Life events, social support, and illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(2), 156–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 119, 1114–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., & Efremidis, B. (1997). Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 22(1), 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117, 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, L. M. T., & Schalock, M. (2012). Autism parenting stress index: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 566–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Social support and well-being at mid-life among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1818–1826.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1987). Objective versus subjective measurement of stress and social support: Combat-related reactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 577–584.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. C., Umar, E., Tomenson, B., & Creed, F. (2014). A cross-sectional study of antenatal depression and associated factors in Malawi. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 17(2), 145–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J. S. (1987). “How big is big enough?”: Sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58, 134–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G. A., Berridge, D., & Vagenas, D. (2013). Is there a bidirectional relationship between maternal well-being and child behavior problems in autism spectrum disorders? Longitudinal analysis of a population-defined sample of young children. Autism Research, 6(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich, G., Bobis, I., & Bewig, B. (2015). Perceived impact of motherhood on adherence to therapy in mothers with cystic fibrosis. Pneumologie, 69(11), 673–679.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waugh, I. (2017). The prevalence of autism (including Asperger’s Syndrome) in school age children in Northern Ireland 2017. Department of Health (Northern Ireland). Retrieved September 18, 2019 from https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/29786/.

  • Wilcox, B. L. (1981). Social support, life stress, and psychological adjustment: A test of the buffering hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(4), 371–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., & Blumberg, S. J. (2015). Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 national health interview survey. National Health Statistics Reports, 13(87), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

KD and DC conceived and designed the study, with KD completing data collection and preliminary analyses. DC functioned research supervisor, corresponding author and was primarily responsible for writing and submitting the manuscript. RF conducted the statistical analysis and composed the results section of the manuscript. All authors contributed to responding to peer review recommendations.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dylan Colbert.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest in relation to the current study.

Ethical Approval

This current design was approved by the ethical review board of the first and third authors’ affiliated institution and was conducted in line with ethical guidelines as outlined by the Psychological Society of Ireland.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Drogomyretska, K., Fox, R. & Colbert, D. Brief Report: Stress and Perceived Social Support in Parents of Children with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 50, 4176–4182 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04455-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04455-x

Keywords

Navigation