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The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence

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Abstract

This study investigated the interactive effects of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of externalizing behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project. Reward dominance was assessed at age 16 by performance on a computer-presented card-playing game in which participants had the choice of either continuing or discontinuing the game as the likelihood of reward decreased and the likelihood of punishment increased. At ages 14 and 16, friend deviance and externalizing behavior were assessed through self-report. As expected, based on motivational balance and response modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14 friend deviance predicted age 16 externalizing behavior controlling for age 14 externalizing behavior. Reward dominance was a significant moderator of the relationship between friend deviance and externalizing behavior. The contributions of deviant friends to the development of externalizing behavior were enhanced by adolescents' reward dominance.

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Notes

  1. FIML produces less biased estimates than listwise deletion when data are not missing completely at random. FIML can also produce biased estimates when data are mistakenly assumed to be missing at random when they are actually missing nonignorable. However, Schafer and Graham (2002) note that in many situations, departures from MAR do not prevent FIML from producing valid estimates.

  2. Analyses were also conducted using age 15 friend deviance instead of age 14 friend deviance as a predictor of age 16 externalizing behavior. The results of this analysis were equivalent to those reported for age 14 friend deviance, including the interaction between friend deviance and cards played.

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Acknowledgements

The Child Development Project has been funded by grants MH42498, MH57024, MH56961, and MH57095 from the National Institute of Mental Health and grant HD30572 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Age 16 assessment was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the National Consortium on Violence Research. We are grateful to the Child Development Project participants and researchers and to Richard Viken for his statistical consultation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA

    Jackson A. Goodnight & John E. Bates

  2. University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Joseph P. Newman

  3. Duke University, Durham, USA

    Kenneth A. Dodge

  4. Auburn University, Auburn, USA

    Gregory S. Pettit

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  1. Jackson A. Goodnight
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  2. John E. Bates
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  3. Joseph P. Newman
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Correspondence to Jackson A. Goodnight.

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Goodnight, J.A., Bates, J.E., Newman, J.P. et al. The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol 34, 573–583 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9036-9

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